受控生态生保系统螺旋藻藻种筛选研究

以目前应用较多的7个螺旋藻品种为研究对象,采用摇床培养的方式,在光照强度为200μmol·m^-2·s^-1,光照周期为24h,培养温度为（30．0±1．0）℃的条件下进行培养,通过比较不同藻种的形态特征、生长速率、碳源利用率、营养组分、光合放氧特性以及耐电离辐射能力等指标,从中筛选出满足受控生态生保技术研究所需的螺旋藻藻种。实验结果表明,6号和7号藻种的各项指标比较突出,尤其是6号藻种,在生长速率、蛋白质等含量、光合放氧活性、以及抗辐射的能力表现更为突出,可作为今后受控生态生保技术研究中进一步研究对象和关键生物部件候选藻种。     

无人机航拍野生动物智能检测与统计方法综述

近年来无人机航拍技术逐步应用于野生动物保护,在很大程度上提高了考察效率。由于航拍图像与地面拍摄图像的特征差异较大,加之野生动物生存环境背景复杂,目前没有通用的方法可直接应用于野生动物航拍图像的检测与统计。本文回顾了智能检测和统计技术近年来的发展,针对无人机航拍野生动物图像的大场景、小目标、多尺度、复杂背景等特点,介绍了无人机航拍动物群数据集的选取与建立方法,以及基于深度学习的检测与统计方法,并进行了深层次地分析,归纳了各类方法的优势和可应用场景,总结了各方法的特点和适用范围,同时针对存在的问题给出了改进方向。     

Development of a ground-based space micro-algae photo-bioreactor

The purpose of the research is to develop a photo-bioreactor which may produce algae protein and oxygen for future astronauts in comparatively long-term exploration, and remove carbon dioxide in a controlled ecological life support system. Based on technical parameters and performance requirements, the project planning, design drafting, and manufacture were conducted. Finally, a demonstration test for producing algae was done. Its productivity for micro-algae and performance of the photo-bioreactor were evaluated. The facility has nine subsystems, including the reactor, the illuminating unit, the carbon dioxide (CO₂) production unit and oxygen (O₂) generation unit, etc. The demonstration results showed that the facility worked well, and the parameters, such as energy consumption, volume, and productivity for algae, met with the design requirement. The density of algae in the photo-bioreactor increased from 0.174 g (dry weight) L⁻¹ to 4.064 g (dry weight) L⁻¹ after 7 days growth. The principle of providing CO₂ in the photo-bioreactor for algae and removing O₂ from the culture medium was suitable for the demand of space conditions. The facility has reasonable technical indices, and smooth and dependable performances.     

马克思恩格斯生态文明思想的当代解读

环境问题的日益凸显使很多学者开始从文化角度对其进行反思,根本的一点就是如何重新审视和确立人与自然的关系。马克思恩格斯科学地揭示了人与自然的辩证关系,形成了马克思主义的生态文明思想。梳理马克思恩格斯的生态文明思想,对反思当代环境问题具有一定的现实意义。     

国外载人航天的生命保障系统

文章简要介绍了载人航天3种生命保障方式的一些特点,重点介绍了基于物理/化学方法的部分物质再生生命保障系统和生物生态闭环生命保障系统两种方式的再生技术,并例举了ESA的生命保障发展计划,即生物空气过滤技术计划和微生态生命保障系统方案计划.     

“微藻-小白鼠”二元生态系统气体交换规律研究

为探讨“微藻-小白鼠”二元生态系统中氧气和二氧化碳交换规律,进一步评价空间微藻光生物反应器地面试验样机生产螺旋藻的能力,开展了螺旋藻和小白鼠的整合试验研究。将微藻光生物反应器和动物活动室组成气路闭环系统,试验期间连续监测系统中氧气和二氧化碳含量、小白鼠的活动状况、藻液pH变化以及藻体浓度含量等指标。试验结果表明,螺旋藻生长良好,系统闭环后促进了藻体的生长;从小白鼠的体征来看,小白鼠生活正常,但对小白鼠的生理影响还需深入研究。螺旋藻和小白鼠间能实现氧气和二氧化碳的完全交换,螺旋藻具有较强的吸收二氧化碳和放氧能力,可作为未来受控生态生保系统中的重要生物部件。     

Crop productivities and radiation use efficiencies for bioregenerative life support

NASA’s Biomass Production Chamber (BPC) at Kennedy Space Center was decommissioned in 1998, but several crop tests were conducted that have not been reported in the open literature. These include several monoculture studies with wheat, soybean, potato, lettuce, and tomato. For all of these studies, either 10 or 20 m² of plants were grown in an atmospherically closed chamber (113 m³ vol.) using a hydroponic nutrient film technique along with elevated CO₂ (1000 or 1200 μmol mol⁻¹). Canopy light (PAR) levels ranged from 17 to 85 mol m⁻² d⁻¹ depending on the species and photoperiod. Total biomass (DM) productivities reached 39.6 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for wheat, 27.2 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for potato, 19.6 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for tomato, 15.7 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for soybean, and 7.7 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for lettuce. Edible biomass (DM) productivities reached 18.4 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for potato, 11.3 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for wheat, 9.8 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for tomato, 7.1 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for lettuce, and 6.0 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for soybean. The corresponding radiation (light) use efficiencies for total biomass were 0.64 g mol⁻¹ PAR for potato, 0.59 g DM mol⁻¹ for wheat, 0.51 g mol⁻¹ for tomato, 0.46 g mol⁻¹ for lettuce, and 0.43 g mol⁻¹ for soybean. Radiation use efficiencies for edible biomass were 0.44 g mol⁻¹ for potato, 0.42 g mol⁻¹ for lettuce, 0.25 g mol⁻¹ for tomato, 0.17 g DM mol⁻¹ for wheat, and 0.16 g mol⁻¹ for soybean. By initially growing seedlings at a dense spacing and then transplanting them to the final production area could have saved about 12 d in each production cycle, and hence improved edible biomass productivities and radiation use efficiencies by 66% for lettuce (to 11.8 g m⁻² d⁻¹ and 0.70 g mol⁻¹), 16% for tomato (to 11.4 g m⁻² d⁻¹and 0.29 g mol⁻¹), 13% for soybean (to 6.9 g m⁻² d⁻¹ and 0.19 g mol⁻¹), and 13% for potato (to 20.8 g m⁻² d⁻¹ and 0.50 g mol⁻¹). Since wheat was grown at higher densities, transplanting seedlings would not have improved yields. Tests with wheat resulted in a relatively low harvest index of 29%, which may have been caused by ethylene or other organic volatile compounds (VOCs) accumulating in the chamber. Assuming a higher harvest index of 40% could be achieved by scrubbing VOCs, productivity of wheat seed could have been improved nearly 40% to 15.8 g m⁻² d⁻¹ and edible biomass radiation use efficiency to 0.30 g mol⁻¹.     

Cowpeas and pinto beans: Performance and yields of candidate space crops in the laboratory biosphere closed ecological system

An experiment utilizing cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L.), pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Apogee ultra-dwarf wheat (Triticum sativa L.) was conducted in the soil-based closed ecological facility, Laboratory Biosphere, from February to May 2005. The lighting regime was 13 h light/11 h dark at a light intensity of 960 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, 45 mol m⁻² day⁻¹ supplied by high-pressure sodium lamps. The pinto beans and cowpeas were grown at two different planting densities. Pinto bean production was 341.5 g dry seed m⁻² (5.42 g m⁻² day⁻¹) and 579.5 dry seed m⁻² (9.20 g m⁻² day⁻¹) at planted densities of 32.5 plants m⁻² and 37.5 plants m⁻², respectively. Cowpea yielded 187.9 g dry seed m⁻² (2.21 g m⁻² day⁻¹) and 348.8 dry seed m⁻² (4.10 g m⁻² day⁻¹) at planted densities of 20.8 plants m⁻² and 27.7 plants m⁻², respectively. The crop was grown at elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, with levels ranging from 300–3000 ppm daily during the majority of the crop cycle. During early stages (first 10 days) of the crop, CO₂ was allowed to rise to 7860 ppm while soil respiration dominated, and then was brought down by plant photosynthesis. CO₂ was injected 27 times during days 29–71 to replenish CO₂ used by the crop during photosynthesis. Temperature regime was 24–28 °C day/deg 20–24 °C night. Pinto bean matured and was harvested 20 days earlier than is typical for this variety, while the cowpea, which had trouble establishing, took 25 days more for harvest than typical for this variety. Productivity and atmospheric dynamic results of these studies contribute toward the design of an envisioned ground-based test bed prototype Mars base.     

企业协同进化的生态机制及其对策研究

企业的进化与生物的进化相类似，但也有区别。在企业与其环境构成的企业生态系统中，一个企业的进化可以影响到其他企业的进化，反过来，其他企业的进化又影响到该企业的进化路径，最终导致整个系统成为一个互相作用、相互促进的整体。企业协同进化的生态特点是不对称性、方向性、适应性、进步性、不可逆性、扩展性。企业协同进化的生态学对策是：（1）正确看待竞争压力；（2）适应环境变化；（3）创建学习型组织；（4）共同进化。