Space weather: its effects and predictability

Terrestrial technology is now, and increasingly, sensitive to space weather. Most space weather is caused by solar storms and the resulting changes to the Earth's radiation environment and the magnetosphere. The Sun as the driver of space weather is under intense observation but remains to be adequately modelled. Recent spacecraft measurements are greatly improving models of solar activity, the interaction of the solar wind with the magnetosphere, and models of the radiation belts. In-situ data updates the basic magnetospheric model to provide specific details of high-energy electron flux at satellite orbits. Shock wave effects at the magnetopause can also be coarsely predicted. However, the specific geomagnetic effects at ground level depend on the calculation of magnetic and electric fields and further improvements are needed. New work on physical models is showing promise of raising geomagnetic and ionospheric predictability above the synoptic climatological level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Real-Time Specifications of the Geospace Environment

We report the recent progress in our joint program of real-time mapping of ionospheric electric fields and currents and field-aligned currents through the Geospace Environment Data Analysis System (GEDAS) at the Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory and similar computer systems in the world. Data from individual ground magnetometers as well as from the solar wind are collected by these systems and are used as input for the KRM and AMIE magnetogram-inversion algorithms, which calculate the two-dimensional distribution of the ionospheric parameters. One of the goals of this program is to specify the solar-terrestrial environment in terms of ionospheric processes, providing the scientific community with more than what geomagnetic activity indices and statistical models provide. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

函数最优化求解方法及在直升机设计中的应用

本文叙述了求函数极值和函数最优化值的概念，并介绍了求解函数最优化值的无约束优化的DFP变尺度法及求函数有约束优化的罚函数法；并就求函数最优值方法在武装直升机结构最优化设计中的应用作一陈述。文章最后附有对方法软件考核的不同类型算例。     

整体叶轮数控展成电解加工阴极的设计

介绍了整体叶轮数控展成电解加工阴极的结构形式,重点给出内喷式阴极的设计方法,这对完善整体叶轮的数控展成电解加工有重要意义.     

飞机设计中的新指标—战斗恢复力

本文介绍了飞机战斗恢复力的主要特征,着重探讨了设计中提高飞机战斗恢复力的措施,旨在为以后飞机设计方案论证提供一个参考依据。     

塑料注射成型机合模机构的优化设计

本文在建立适当力学模型的基础上，采用现代设计的理论和方法对塑料注射成型机的五支点斜排式双曲柄合模机构进行了优化设计，在以获得最大放大比M为目标函数的条件下，通过人体转换法进行无约束优化条件，获得了较为满意的机构优化参数。     

电磁继电器、接触器可靠性试验系统的硬件设计

本文论述了电磁继电器、接触器可靠性试验系统的结构、功能及特点。描述了试验系统的硬件设计及相应的元器件选取原则；阐述了系统实现控制的方法。     

补燃循环液体火箭发动机启动过程的模块化仿真

通过模块化编程，建立了新一代高性能补燃发动机启动过程的部件模型。虽然采用的是集中参数方法，但同时考虑了液体的惯性、粘性和压缩性，所以建立的常微分方程组能在一定程度上反映发动机工作过程的分布特性。     

大扩张角子午流道型线对损失的影响

采用数值计算方法对具有大扩张中间机匣的某型涡轮低压级子午流道型线进行了改型设计，提出了7种型线设计方案，并应用N－S方程全三维粘性求解程序对7种方案进行了验算，结果表明：子牛扩张型流道外壁型线的改变，对低压导向器出口能量损失的影响是显著的，设计气动性能优良的子午扩张型线能明显削弱由于大扩张角引起的气流分离，降低涡轮低压级的损失。     

涡喷发动机可靠性增长试验方案的设计

根据对产品可靠性的最低可接收值与幂律模型的可行性增长管理公式、可行性增长管理策略，推导了涡喷发动机可靠性增长试验所需的台数公式，参照某些涡喷发动机的试验数据及上述公式，给出了某B－2型涡喷发动机的可靠性增长试验方案及其理想增长曲线。