Path visualization: a method for objective measurement of spatial visualization

ABSTRACT

The ability to mentally represent spatial information is a fundamental cognitive process. To many people, this process feels a bit like visual perception, hence the term ‘spatial visualization’. In this paper, we describe a method for measuring the accuracy of spatial visualization, specifically visualization of a complex path in imaginary space. A critical feature of this method (called Path Visualization) is that it relies on the detection of intersections in a visualized path. Intersection detection is an inherently spatial task that requires a spatial representation. In this paper, we show how the Path Visualization method works, and how it can be customized to address several key research issues in human spatial cognition.     

Verb Semantics Affects the Interpretation of Spatial Prepositions

Abstract

Spatial prepositions, more specifically projective prepositions, such as in front of or behind can be interpreted in different ways. Their interpretation depends on the spatial perspective taken as the basis for determining the reference frame's orientation. In 3 series of placement experiments with German speakers, we examined whether the interpretation of projective prepositions in a motion context is affected by the verb used in a spatial instruction. Results suggest that verb semantics is a factor accounting for previously observed seemingly social-situational differences in the interpretation of projective prepositions. Specifically, the findings indicate that, relative to a car as reference object, the semantic aspect of motion interruption associated with some verbs leads to a higher proportion of deictic interpretations determined by the direction from which one is approaching the car. This verb effect on the interpretation of spatial prepositions can be explained by an activation of the temporal dimension through stop-implying verbs, which is integrated into the spatial situation model of the perceived dynamic scene making the deictic frame of reference more compatible. The experimental evidence also shows that verb semantics can account for previously unexplained cross-linguistic differences, and is related to patterns concerning the prepositional inventory of languages.     

Why do speakers mix perspectives?

Although considerations of discourse coherence and cognitive processing suggest that communicators should adopt consistent perspectives when describing spatial scenes, in many cases they switch perspectives. Ongoing research examining cognitive costs indicates that these are small and exacted in establishing a mental model of a scene but not in retrieving information from a well-known scene. A perspective entails a point of view, a referent object, and terms of reference. These may change within a perspective, exacting cognitive costs, so that the costs of switching perspective may not be greater than the costs of maintaining the same perspective. Another project investigating perspective choice for self and other demonstrates effects of salience of referent object and ease of terms of reference. Perspective is mixed not just in verbal communications but also in pictorial ones, suggesting that at times, switching perspective is more effective than maintaining a consistent one.     

归纳推理和归纳进程

分析了归纳推理与演绎推理的区别, 给出了归纳推理的形式化规则,定义了重构和归纳进程(序列)的概念.同时还给出了一个产生归纳序列的归纳过程模式,并证明:若已知模型M的全体实例集合ε_M,则可以从任一给定的理论出发, 使用此归纳过程模式所产生的所有归纳序列都收敛于同一极限,这个极限就是模型M的全部真语句. 这说明了归纳推理规则的合理性.     

基于管制员工作负荷的扇区开合阀设置研究

对扇区空域实施灵活的开合管理是当前提升空域利用率的主要方法之一,利用实时的空域容量和流量信息可为扇区的开合提供预警信息,提升人力资源的利用率和紧急情况下流量波动的应对能力。基于Wick‐ens的信息处理与认知模型,构建管制员注意力资源与管制工作负荷的关系;基于仓室（SIR）模型,建立管制员注意力资源与管制工作负荷的动力...     

Combining Locations from Working Memory and Long-Term Memory into a Common Spatial Image

Abstract

This research uses a novel integration paradigm to investigate whether target locations read in from long-term memory (LTM) differ from perceptually encoded inputs in spatial working-memory (SWM) with respect to systematic spatial error and/or noise, and whether SWM can simultaneously encompass both of these sources. Our results provide evidence for a composite representation of space in SWM derived from both perception and LTM, albeit with a loss in spatial precision of locations retrieved from LTM. More generally, the data support the concept of a spatial image in working memory and extend its potential sources to representations retrieved from LTM.     

复杂电磁环境认知研究综述

复杂电磁环境认知是电子信息系统复杂电磁环境效应研究的基础问题之一。针对当前对于复杂电磁环境的各种认识和理解,综述了国内外对于复杂电磁环境的认知和分类方法,综合对比了国内与国外在电磁环境认知等方面研究之间的差距。通过分析国外在电磁环境认知方面研究发展的特点,展望了国内在电磁环境认知研究的发展趋势。     

故障预测与健康管理(PHM)技术的现状与发展

 结合故障预测与健康管理(PHM)的技术发展过程,阐述了PHM的应用价值。论述了PHM技术系统级应用问题,提出了故障诊断与预测的人-机-环完整性认知模型,并依此对蓬勃发展的故障诊断与故障预测技术进行了分类与综合分析,给出了PHM技术的发展图像。针对故障诊断与预测的不确定性特征,对故障诊断与预测技术的性能要求、定量评价与验证方法进行了分析。最后,以PHM技术的工程应用为线索,提出了PHM技术发展中的几个问题。     

基于经验移植的自主空战对抗学习方法

现有的机器学习方法大多是交互式的学习模式,这类方法在训练过程非常依赖与环境之间的交互数据。空战对抗任务是一种奖励非常稀疏的训练任务,智能体在学习开始的很长一段时间内,都在探索能够获得奖励的动作。如果每一个新的任务都重新训练,是非常浪费计算资源的。因此,设计了一种基于经验移植的学习方法,使得经过训练的智能体能够将知识分享给新的智能体,提高其在新任务上的学习效率。首先,借鉴人类通过经验进行快速学习的现象,构建了基于经验移植的学习的模型;其次,兼顾知识分享和新任务的特征,明确了经验的内涵,建立了"知识+任务→经验"的融合认知方式;再次,设计了借鉴学习方法,将外部经验与任务相结合,进而转化为新个体的知识;最后,使用经验适用度作为筛选指标,分析了经验适用度对借鉴学习效率的影响,确定了执行借鉴学习的筛选边界。新个体通过借鉴学习后能够获得关于新任务的初步知识,在新任务中更快地找到能够获得奖励的动作策略,从而提升在新的任务中的学习速度。