载人火星探测的行星保护

行星保护是影响载人火星探索任务的重要问题之一。载人探测的行星保护包括3个方面,即防止来源于地球的微生物污染目标星球的正向污染防护、防止外来生物对地球的潜在危害的逆向污染防护,以及确保航天员的健康和安全。国际宇航界已经开始针对载人火星探测的行星保护制定政策法规和开展技术研讨。本文介绍了行星保护的定义和法理依据,简要回顾了美国国家航空航天局在“阿波罗登月”中的行星保护措施,并对未来载人火星探测中的主要污染物、污染途径以及污染防护策略进行了初步探讨。     

基于遗传算法的飞行管理系统余度配置优化方法

余度设计是飞行管理系统研制过程中提升其安全性的主要手段之一。针对余度设计受制造预算(经济性)与使用阶段维修保障资源消耗(可靠性)的制约问题,基于飞行管理系统的安全性、基本可靠性及经济性数学模型,利用改进后适用于整数优化的遗传算法,提出了一种以安全性为目标、基本可靠性与经济性为约束的余度配置优化方法,并以实例说明其适用于较为复杂系统的余度配置优化。经过敏感性分析发现,安全性指标最优值随着基本可靠性约束下限的提高而降低,随着经济性约束上限的增加而增加。2种约束条件对优化目标竞争约束,在同一时刻只有1种约束条件起主要约束作用。     

环月轨道交会的载人登月任务轨道与窗口规划

针对环月轨道(Low Lunar Orbit,LLO)共面交会支持的"人货分离"载人登月任务,提出了一种任务窗口与轨道一体化规划方法。分析了基于LLO共面交会的"人货分离"载人登月任务的基本流程和工程约束;针对任务各阶段窗口与轨道求解问题,提出了以动力下降时刻为迭代初值的窗口规划策略,并建立了高精度模型下的环月轨道、双二体模型下的人员和货物运输轨道规划模型。以载人月球探测中国科学家命名的环形山为假想背景,给出仿真实例,仿真结果验证了文章所提方法的正确性,为探月工程任务提供了一种有效的窗口与轨道设计工具。     

定数截尾试验下双参数指数寿命分布尺度参数的EB估计

本文讨论了在无替换定效截尾试验方案下,当产品寿命为双参数指数分布时,尺度参数(失效率)久的经验Bayes(简记EB)估计问题及其收敛速度。设在给定λ,μ下,产品寿命T服从双参数指数分布,其概率密度为 受试产品有n个,试验中前r个产品依次出现的失效时间为t_(1)≤t_(2)≤……≤t_(r)。令 则(x,y)为(μ,λ)的充分统计量。记(x,y)的联合边缘密度为f(x,y),若取二次损失函数,则λ的Bayes点估计为 利用密度函数及其偏导数的核估计,构造出λ的EB估计为 φ_(1n)(x,y)与φ_(1m)(x,y)的Bayes风险分别为 在一定的正则性条件下,我们证明了 这表明,λ的EB估计的收敛速度q可任意接近于1/2。     

面向深空探测的30cm离子推力器寿命预估

为评价30cm离子推力器的寿命,提出了有限寿命考核结合栅极仿真模型的推力器寿命预估方法,利用粒子-蒙特卡洛（PIC-MCC）方法建立了栅孔溅射腐蚀模型,开展了30cm离子推力器寿命预估研究,分析了栅孔刻蚀速率、单孔电场及离子引出特性,给出了30cm推力器寿命预估值。结果表明,栅孔直径仿真与实测值一致性较好,误差在20%以内,基于每个寿命小节栅孔实测值对模型的修正是有效的;根据仿真结果,10000h寿命考核后,减速栅最先失效,30cm离子推力器在最大功率（3kW）工况下预估寿命为37540h,能够满足小天体探测任务对电推进系统的长寿命需求。     

大跨时空任务背景下的太阳能无人机任务规划技术研究进展

通过任务规划技术合理的优化太阳能无人机的飞行轨迹和动力学参数,能够有效提高太阳能无人机的能量利用率,使其胜任许多大范围跨时间跨空间飞行任务。从能量建模、续航评估和能量管理策略3个方面对大跨时空任务背景下太阳能无人机任务规划技术的研究进展进行了综述。在能量建模方面,介绍了当前主流的太阳辐射模型和能量生产基本框架;在续航评估方面,分析了目前的指标设计和应用方法;在能量管理策略方面,从能量综合应用、风力滑翔机制、轨迹优化方法和面向特定任务的应用4个角度,梳理了当前的研究现状。最后,对该领域未来可能的研究方向进行了展望。     

浅析航天型号计量保证工作

计量保证工作是航天型号任务质量保障的基础,关系着型号任务的成败。主要介绍了航天型号任务中计量保证工作的现状和不足,结合航天型号任务的全流程工作,提出在型号任务各环节的计量保证工作建议。     

Planetary protection issues related to human missions to Mars

In accordance with the United Nations Outer Space Treaties [United Nations, Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, UN doc A/RES/34/68, resolution 38/68 of December 1979], currently maintained and promulgated by the Committee on Space Research [COSPAR Planetary Protection Panel, Planetary Protection Policy accepted by the COSPAR Council and Bureau, 20 October 2002, amended 24 March 2005, http://www.cosparhq.org/scistr/PPPolicy.htm], missions exploring the Solar system must meet planetary protection requirements. Planetary protection aims to protect celestial bodies from terrestrial contamination and to protect the Earth environment from potential biological contamination carried by returned samples or space systems that have been in contact with an extraterrestrial environment. From an exobiology perspective, Mars is one of the major targets, and several missions are currently in operation, in transit, or scheduled for its exploration. Some of them include payloads dedicated to the detection of life or traces of life. The next step, over the coming years, will be to return samples from Mars to Earth, with a view to increasing our knowledge in preparation for the first manned mission that is likely to take place within the next few decades. Robotic missions to Mars shall meet planetary protection specifications, currently well documented, and planetary protection programs are implemented in a very reliable manner given that experience in the field spans some 40 years. With regards to sample return missions, a set of stringent requirements has been approved by COSPAR [COSPAR Planetary Protection Panel, Planetary Protection Policy accepted by the COSPAR Council and Bureau, 20 October 2002, amended 24 March 2005, http://www.cosparhq.org/scistr/PPPolicy.htm], and technical challenges must now be overcome in order to preserve the Earth’s biosphere from any eventual contamination risk. In addition to the human dimension of the mission, sending astronauts to Mars will entail meeting all these constraints. Astronauts present huge sources of contamination for Mars and are also potential carriers of biohazardous material on their return to Earth. If they were to have the misfortune of being contaminated, they themselves would become a biohazard, and, as a consequence, in addition to the technical constraints, human and ethical considerations must also be taken into account.     

The Grain Impact Analyser and Dust Accumulator (GIADA) Experiment for the Rosetta Mission: Design, Performances and First Results

The Grain Impact Analyser and Dust Accumulator (GIADA) onboard the ROSETTA mission to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko is devoted to study the cometary dust environment. Thanks to the rendezvous configuration of the mission, GIADA will be plunged in the dust environment of the coma and will be able to explore dust flux evolution and grain dynamic properties with position and time. This will represent a unique opportunity to perform measurements on key parameters that no ground-based observation or fly-by mission is able to obtain and that no tail or coma model elaborated so far has been able to properly simulate. The coma and nucleus properties shall be, then, clarified with consequent improvement of models describing inner and outer coma evolution, but also of models about nucleus emission during different phases of its evolution. GIADA shall be capable to measure mass/size of single particles larger than about 15 μm together with momentum in the range 6.5 × 10⁻¹⁰ ÷ 4.0 × 10⁻⁴ kg m s⁻¹ for velocities up to about 300 m s⁻¹. For micron/submicron particles the cumulative mass shall be detected with sensitivity 10⁻¹⁰ g. These performances are suitable to provide a statistically relevant set of data about dust physical and dynamic properties in the dust environment expected for the target comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. Pre-flight measurements and post-launch checkouts demonstrate that GIADA is behaving as expected according to the design specifications. The International GIADA Consortium (I, E, UK, F, D, USA).     

任务期间考虑故障件报废无补给下的多级装备可用度评估

针对任务期间普遍存在的故障件报废问题,提出了一种适用于多等级多层级航空装备的可用度近似评估方法。首先通过忽略维修和运输时间将存在报废率的可修件等效为消耗件,然后分别通过后方保障中心对飞行基地备件量的分配以及下层级部件对上层级部件备件量的折算,将多等级多层级备件模型转化为单等级单层级模型,最后利用伽马分布的可加性得到整个保障系统的装备可用度。在实际算例中,通过与仿真结果的对比得出:当维修和运输时间较小或飞行基地备件配置充足时,本文提出的近似评估方法具有较高的精度。