Evaluation of three high-resolution satellite precipitation estimates: Potential for monsoon monitoring over Pakistan

Multi-sensor precipitation datasets including two products from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) and estimates from Climate Prediction Center Morphing Technique (CMORPH) product were quantitatively evaluated to study the monsoon variability over Pakistan. Several statistical and graphical techniques are applied to illustrate the nonconformity of the three satellite products from the gauge observations. During the monsoon season (JAS), the three satellite precipitation products captures the intense precipitation well, all showing high correlation for high rain rates (>30 mm/day). The spatial and temporal satellite rainfall error variability shows a significant geo-topography dependent distribution, as all the three products overestimate over mountain ranges in the north and coastal region in the south parts of Indus basin. The TMPA-RT product tends to overestimate light rain rates (approximately 100%) and the bias is low for high rain rates (about ±20%). In general, daily comparisons from 2005 to 2010 show the best agreement between the TMPA-V7 research product and gauge observations with correlation coefficient values ranging from moderate (0.4) to high (0.8) over the spatial domain of Pakistan. The seasonal variation of rainfall frequency has large biases (100–140%) over high latitudes (36N) with complex terrain for daily, monsoon, and pre-monsoon comparisons. Relatively low uncertainties and errors (Bias ±25% and MAE 1–10 mm) were associated with the TMPA-RT product during the monsoon-dominated region (32–35N), thus demonstrating their potential use for developing an operational hydrological application of the satellite-based near real-time products in Pakistan for flood monitoring.     

半球功率输入和高纬电离层电导

综述和介绍了由TIROS—NOAA系列卫星资料制定高纬沉降粒子能流和电离层积分电导经验模式的方法,绘制了不同粒子沉降活动的Pedersen和Hall电导在磁纬-磁地方时坐标内的等值线分布图．同时给出了不同季节内受太阳电磁辐射控制的电导等值线分布．具体地分析了电导经验模式与磁层-电离层耦合过程的内在联系。     

星载脉冲压缩降雨雷达的海面杂波分析

对于星载降雨雷达而言,降雨区域几乎贴在地球表面,地面特别是海面的后向散射回波要比雨水回波强得多.严重的海面杂波会通过天线波束以及脉冲压缩带来的距高旁瓣污染雨水回波.针对脉冲压缩雷达,首次综合分析了海面杂波通过天线主瓣、旁瓣和距离主瓣、旁辩对星载雷达降雨测量的干扰模型,推导出了考虑距离加权函数影响的雨水回波和地表杂波计算公式,模拟并计算了一台Ka波段星栽脉冲压缩降雨雷达所受的杂波干扰.分析结果表明,星载脉冲压缩降雨雷迭所受的杂波干扰比之前的研究结论更加严重,这也对天线旁瓣、压缩脉冲距离旁辩等雷达指标提出了更高的要求.     

Magnetospheric electric field variations caused by storm-time shock fronts

On January 20, 2005 there was an X 7.1 solar flare at 0636 UT with an accompanied halo coronal mass ejection (CME). The resultant interplanetary shock impacted earth ∼36 h later. Near earth, the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) spacecraft observed two impulses with a staircase structure in density and pressure. The estimated earth-arrival times of these impulses were 1713 UT and 1845 UT on January 21, 2005. Three MINIature Spectrometer (MINIS) balloons were aloft on January 21st; one in the northern polar stratosphere and two in the southern polar stratosphere. MeV relativistic electron precipitation (REP) observed by all three balloons is coincident (<3 min) with the impulse arrivals and magnetospheric compression observed by both GOES 10 and 12. Balloon electric field data from the southern hemisphere show no signs of the impulse electric field directly reaching the ionosphere. Enhancement of the balloon-observed convection electric field by as much as 40 mV/m in less than 20 min during this time period is consistent with typical substorm growth. Precipitation-induced ionospheric conductivity enhancements are suggested to be (a) the result of both shock arrival and substorm activity and (b) the cause of rapid (<6 min) decreases in the observed electric field (by as much as 40 mV/m). There is poor agreement between peak cross polar cap potential in the northern hemisphere calculated from Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) echoes and horizontal electric field at the MINIS balloon locations in the southern hemisphere. Possible reasons for this poor agreement include (a) a true lack of north–south conjugacy between measurement sites, (b) an invalid comparison between global (SuperDARN radar) and local (MINIS balloon) measurements and/or (c) radar absorption resulting from precipitation-induced D-region ionosphere density enhancements.     

增雨防雹火箭发射控制器研制

根据增雨防雹火箭系统总体提出的技术指标，利用常用的电路设计技术，开发研制了增雨防雹火箭发射控制装置，经高低温和运输试验，以及实际应用证明，该系统安全可靠，准确快速，并且便于携带，易于维修。     

星载降水测量雷达参数对反演结果的影响

星载降水测量雷达属于主动式遥感仪器,具有较高的径向分辨率,可以获得降水云内部的三维信息。文中研究星载降水测量雷达地面反演中常用的衰减订正算法——KZS算法,对该算法进行仿真分析,并在此基础上进一步仿真分析雷达参数对反演结果的影响。仿真结果表明,该算法具有较高的工程应用价值。     

共沉淀法制备ZrO2超细复合粉过程中团聚现象的研究

综合分析了共沉淀制备ZrO2超细复合粉过程中的团聚现象的形成过程及其影响因素，并提出了消除粉团聚的有效方法。     

多晶硅沉淀的灰色分析

本文给出了灰色信噪比的定义，并将其用于多晶硅沉淀的数据分析，使表面缺陷和沉淀厚度在最佳条件下试验结果与灰色预估值更符合。     

温度对耗氧型惰化系统产水性能影响

以油箱出口气体的摩尔流量为基准,推导了流经催化反应器、冷却器前后各气体组分的摩尔流量关系,建立了耗氧型惰化系统的数学模型。研究了环境温度对系统中“水”性能的影响。结果表明:随着惰化的进行,油箱上部水蒸气占比逐渐增加,而冷却气体量、反应器出口相对湿度及中除水量逐渐降低;液态水析出对冷却气体量影响巨大,不能忽略;另外,系统中水的生成与析出与环境温度相关,且环境温度越低,油箱水蒸气体积分数上升越慢,但系统需要的冷却空气量越多且析出的液态水量越大,如环境温度为0 ℃时,冷却器中所需冷却气体量分别约为20、40 ℃时的111倍、126倍。因此在设计耗氧型惰化系统时,应充分考虑温度变化对水的生成与析出的影响。