Studies on urine treatment by biological purification using Azolla and UV photocatalytic oxidation

The amount of water consumed in space station operations is very large. In order to reduce the amount of water which must be resupplied from Earth, the space station needs to resolve the problems of water supply. For this reason, the recovery, regeneration and utilization of urine of astronauts are of key importance. Many investigations on this subject have been reported. Our research is based on biological absorption and, purification using UV photocatalytic oxidation techniques to achieve comprehensive treatment for urine. In the treatment apparatus we created, the urine solution is used as part of the nutrient solution for the biological components in our bioregenerative life support system. After being absorbed, the nutrients from the urine were then decomposed, metabolized and purified which creates a favorable condition for the follow-up oxidation treatment by UV photocatalytic oxidation. After these two processes, the treated urine solution reached Chinese national standards for drinking water quality (GB5749-1985).     

基于多模PPP-AR技术的大气水汽探测性能分析

精密单点定位（precise point positioning，PPP）反演大气可降水量（precipitable water vapor，PWV）具有精度高、实时性强等优点，能够在灾害监测、降雨预报及探测降水信息等方面发挥重要作用。为评估整周模糊度固定模式下PPP-AR（PPP ambiguity resolution）反演PWV的性能，选取全球范围16个MGEX站2022年4个时段的观测数据，采用最终精密星历解算，设置不同星座组合（GPS,BDS-3,GPS+BDS-3,GPS+GLO+GAL+BDS-3）获取对流层延迟（zenith total delay，ZTD）估值，并转换为PWV。从PPP-ZTD与IGS-ZTD的相关性、PPP-ZTD收敛时间、ZTD估值精度和PPP-PWV估值精度4个方面评价多模PPP-AR探测水汽的性能。结果表明，与单（G、C）、双系统（GC）固定解相比，多系统（GREC）固定解获取ZTD估值更加精确，相关系数更高。相较于单、双系统，多系统具有更快的收敛速度，收敛时间分别缩短了27%,25%和20%，多系统固定解与浮点解相比收敛时间缩短11%。此外，对GNSS PPP反演的PWV与探空站PWV（RS-PWV）进行对比，结果表明，WUH2站与HOB2站单、双、多系统固定解、多系统浮点解（float-GREC）的平均均方根误差分别为6.40 mm,6.48 mm,6.19 mm,6.17 mm,6.19 mm和5.82 mm,5.77 mm,5.72 mm,5.62 mm,5.70 mm。多模下得到的PWV估值精度最高，可为高精度的水汽反演提供支持。     

基于流固耦合航行体入水冲击数值模拟研究

针对航行体入水冲击过程中的流固耦合问题,利用任意拉格朗日 欧拉算法建立三维入水冲击数值仿真模型。首先,建立球体入水冲击数值模型,获取了入水过程中的冲击载荷和表面压力数据,通过与试验对比,探究网格密度、接触刚度耦合系数以及时间步长对仿真准确性的影响。结果发现,冲击区域网格密度和接触刚度耦合系数决定流固耦合接触刚度;冲击域的网状密度对冲击系数结果和入水速度变化有明显影响;耦合节点之间的接触刚度系数会影响局部压力峰值。最后,建立锥形头部圆柱体入水仿真模型,提出分段刚体计算截面载荷方法,研究不同速度下结构入水冲击加速度、速度、位移和截面载荷变化规律,与试验结果对比证明仿真准确性。     

Coating deposition regularity depended on orientation difference in PS-PVD plasma jet

The YSZ coatings are prepared by the plasma spray-physical vapor deposition (PS-PVD) technology based on a specific experimental design. The structure, thickness and growth angle of YSZ coatings on the entire circumferential surface of the cylindrical sample are studied. The results indicated that the structure, thickness and deflection growth angle of YSZ coatings are related to the orientation of deposition location. The numerical simulation of the multiphase mixed fluid near the substrate is carried out and the deposition regularity and mechanism of YSZ coatings prepared by PS-PVD is deduced. The growth rate is related to the local characteristics of the plasma flow field, and is directly proportional to the field pressure and inversely proportional to the field velocity. The growth angle of the coating is generally affected by the flow direction of the plasma jet. Especially, the normal component of velocity vector, V_norm, mainly affects the speed at which the coating grows vertically upwards. The tangential component of velocity vector, V_tan, determines the degree that the coating growth direction deviates from the vertical direction. When V_tan ≠ 0, the coating forms a fine column with a certain deflection angle and finally develops into an oblique columnar structure.     

Exploration life support technology challenges for the Crew Exploration Vehicle and future human missions

As NASA implements the U.S. Space Exploration Policy, life support systems must be provided for an expanding sequence of exploration missions. NASA has implemented effective life support for Apollo, the Space Shuttle, and the International Space Station (ISS) and continues to develop advanced systems. This paper provides an overview of life support requirements, previously implemented systems, and new technologies being developed by the Exploration Life Support Project for the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) and Lunar Outpost and future Mars missions. The two contrasting practical approaches to providing space life support are (1) open loop direct supply of atmosphere, water, and food, and (2) physicochemical regeneration of air and water with direct supply of food. Open loop direct supply of air and water is cost effective for short missions, but recycling oxygen and water saves costly launch mass on longer missions. Because of the short CEV mission durations, the CEV life support system will be open loop as in Apollo and Space Shuttle. New life support technologies for CEV that address identified shortcomings of existing systems are discussed. Because both ISS and Lunar Outpost have a planned 10-year operational life, the Lunar Outpost life support system should be regenerative like that for ISS and it could utilize technologies similar to ISS. The Lunar Outpost life support system, however, should be extensively redesigned to reduce mass, power, and volume, to improve reliability and incorporate lessons learned, and to take advantage of technology advances over the last 20 years. The Lunar Outpost design could also take advantage of partial gravity and lunar resources.     

M40J/改性氰酸酯复合材料耐水性能研究

讨论了氰酸酯树脂、环氧改性氰酸酯树脂、环氧树脂及其M40J碳纤维复合材料耐水性能。考察了几种体系的吸水率、吸水前后力学性能变化,并通过SEM分析其微观状态变化。结果表明,氰酸酯及其改性体系具有低的吸水率,力学性能无明显变化,复合材料吸水率低于浇铸体,拉伸模量、剪切强度有一定程度下降,分析认为主要是由复合材料界面破坏引起的。     

倾角对涡旋压缩机运行特性影响的实验研究

针对空间蒸汽压缩热泵系统中压缩机的润滑问题,对不依赖重力回油的汽车涡旋压缩机进行改变倾角的实验,研究重力方向对涡旋压缩机及热泵系统运行的影响。结果表明压缩机在0°~360°范围内改变角度时,热泵系统均能正常工作;当吸热量为2500~3500W时,蒸发温度最大变化量为1.3℃,蒸发冷凝温差以及热泵系统性能系数（COP）的最大变化量分别为3.2%和6.3%,重力无关性较好。压缩机的性能与循环油量有关,本实验中压缩机在倒置的角度下,沉积的润滑油与冷却剂一起进入热泵系统参与循环,使其性能略有提高。     

一种遥感影像快速计算水面率的方法

为了有效去除阴影噪声对遥感影像水体提取的干扰,快速准确计算大区域范围内的水面率,本文提出基于GF6（高分六号卫星）影像,利用UWI（Urban Water Index,城市水体指数）并结合FROM-GLC10（Finer Resolution Observa-tion and Monitoring of Global Land Cover 10,全球陆地覆盖精细化观测与监测10）数据,通过求交计算和小碎斑删除实现水体提取结果的精细化,有效消除了阴影等噪声对水体提取的干扰,实现水面率的快速计算。本文选择中山市作为试验区,试验区域范围广、地物背景复杂,综合对比本文算法、NDWI（Normalized Water Index,归一化水体指数）算法和TSUWI（Two-Sted Urban Water Index,城市二类水体指数）算法,从定性与定量角度分析,结果表明：本文算法提取的水体连续完整、漏提和误提较少,可有效去除阴影、建筑、道路等噪声干扰,在总体精度、Kappa系数、错分误差、漏分误差等指标均取得了较好结果。利用UWI与FROM-GLC10数据相结合计算水面率具有可行性,为工程化、大面积、快速计算水面率提供了一种新的思路。     

铝盐絮凝剂絮凝性能和机理研究

系统研究了无机低分子铝盐、无机高分子铝盐以及无机铝盐和有机高分子絮凝剂ＰＡＭ复配使用处理高浊度原水的絮凝性能和机理，测定了电导率和粘度，并用显微摄影拍摄了絮凝过程程不同阶段矾花大小的变化。为管式絮凝器的研制和铝盐絮凝剂的选择提供了理论依据。     

轴向间隙对对旋式喷水推进泵水力特性的影响

为研究对旋式喷水推进泵叶轮轴向间隙对泵水力性能及推力的影响,基于RNG k-ε湍流模型和SIMPLEC算法,参考导叶与叶轮间的轴向间隙范围,对五组不同间隙系数的喷水推进泵模型进行了数值模拟。定义了对旋叶轮首次级间隙系数δ,分析了不同轴向间隙系数下泵外特性、内部流动能量转化以及推力特性的变化规律。通过推进泵性能实验结果与数值模拟结果的比较,验证了数值计算方法的可靠性。研究表明:在研究的间隙范围内,对旋叶轮轴向间隙的增加可以改善首级叶轮的低压区;当0.13δ0.17时不利于次级叶轮回收首级叶轮的流体能量;在轴向间隙系数0.09δ0.13的范围内可以明显提高推进泵的效率,δ=0.09时效率最高,达到85%;当轴向间隙系数δ0.17时,推力有较明显的下降趋势。因此,通过内部流动分析和外特性以及推力特性的研究,共同验证了首次级叶轮间的轴向间隙是影响对旋式喷水推进泵水力特性的重要因素。