自主空战技术中的机动决策:进展与展望

自主空战（AAC）是指飞机依靠机载等相关设备，自主进行战场感知、决策及控制，以执飞空战的技术，其核心是机动决策模块。针对该模块的研究，调研了国内外的现有方法，并按照有关方法的核心内涵，将其分为基于数学求解、机器搜索、以及数据驱动3类分别简要概述；针对每一类方法列出了具有代表性的示例技术，并讨论了其优缺点。指出了自主空战决策的研究应立足现有相关方法及技术基础，同时积极吸纳机器学习、人工智能等新兴技术，合理利用各类方法的优点，取长补短，实现自主空战决策的长足发展；有关于该研究设想的关键科学问题及其潜在解决方案也在文中进行了初步讨论。希冀基于针对自主空战决策研究框架及实现方法的概念性讨论，促进其技术发展，推广相关思路在有关国家安全、国民经济建设等领域的应用，以满足国家重大需求和工程实践。     

Heading south with a north-up map: A choice processing analysis of map alignment effects

This study employed an information accumulation model of choice reaction times to investigate alignment effects in mental representations of maps. University students studied a map from a single orientation (with north at the top). In a subsequent two-choice reaction time task, the students’ spatial knowledge of the map was assessed employing spatial left/right judgments, which were made from imagined perspectives that were either north-aligned or south-aligned. Data showed a standard alignment effect, favoring north- over south-aligned trials. To examine the locus of this effect, data were fit using the Linear Ballistic Accumulator (LBA) model of speeded decisions (Brown & Heathcote, 2008). Of interest were three model parameters: drift rate, the speed at which evidence accumulates toward a response; response threshold, the amount of evidence demanded from the decision maker before selecting a response; and non-decision time, the time consumed by pre- and postdecisional processes. The best-fitting model suggested that non-decision time accounted for the alignment effect. The difference in non-decision time between north and south-aligned judgments suggests a mental alignment stage on south-aligned trials, accounting for the longer reaction times for judgements misaligned with the presented north orientation of the map.     

Multi-block SSD based on small object detection for UAV railway scene surveillance

A method of multi-block Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD) based on small object detection is proposed to the railway scene of unmanned aerial vehicle surveillance. To address the limitation of small object detection, a multi-block SSD mechanism, which consists of three steps, is designed. First, the original input images are segmented into several overlapped patches. Second, each patch is separately fed into an SSD to detect the objects. Third, the patches are merged together through two stages. In the first stage, the truncated object of the sub-layer detection result is spliced. In the second stage, a sub-layer suppression and filtering algorithm applying the concept of non-maximum suppression is utilized to remove the overlapped boxes of sub-layers. The boxes that are not detected in the main-layer are retained. In addition, no sufficient labeled training samples of railway circumstance are available, thereby hindering the deployment of SSD. A two-stage training strategy leveraging to transfer learning is adopted to solve this issue. The deep learning model is preliminarily trained using labeled data of numerous auxiliaries, and then it is refined using only a few samples of railway scene. A railway spot in China, which is easily damaged by landslides, is investigated as a case study. Experimental results show that the proposed multi-block SSD method produces an overall accuracy of 96.6% and obtains an improvement of up to 9.2% compared with the traditional SSD.     

跨传感器异步迁移学习的室内单目无人机避障

针对强化学习策略由仿真环境向实际迁移困难的问题,以提高无人机采用无深度信息单目视觉时的行人规避能力为目标,提出一种基于异步深度神经网络结构的跨传感器迁移学习方法。首先,在仿真环境中仅使用虚拟单线激光雷达作为传感器,通过基于确定性策略梯度(DDPG)的深度强化学习方法,训练得到一个稳定的初级避障策略。其次,用单目摄像头和激光雷达同步采集现实环境中的视觉和深度数据集并逐帧绑定,使用上述初级避障策略对现实数据集进行自动标注,进而训练得到无需激光雷达数据的单目视觉避障策略,实现从虚拟激光雷达到现实单目视觉的跨传感器迁移学习。最后,引入YOLO v3-tiny网络与Resnet18网络组成异步深度神经网络结构,有效提高了存在行人场景下的避障性能。     

一种高速可变形飞行器智能变形决策方法

针对一类高速可变形飞行器(HMFV)的变形决策问题,提出一种基于深度确定性策略算法(DDPG)下考虑综合性能指标最优的智能变形决策方法。首先,以一类后掠角可连续变化的高速飞行器为研究对象,给出变形飞行器动力学模型,分析模型特性及变形量与关键气动参数之间的定性关系。其次,基于关键气动数据特征分析,考虑包含气动性能、控制误差在内的综合性能指标,设计一种基于DDPG算法的智能变形决策方案。再者,针对带有标称控制器的HMFV进行变形决策训练,实时获得滑翔过程中不同飞行状态下的最优构型。最后,仿真结果表明所设计的智能变形决策算法收敛效果好,且具备较好的泛化性能。相比于固定外形,可通过变形使得在不同状态下的升阻比保持最优,且与考虑单一决策指标相比,考虑综合指标最优的变形决策可进一步缩小姿态动态跟踪误差。     

基于粒子群优化核极限学习机的北斗超快速钟差预报

针对卫星钟差序列中非线性特性较为复杂和超快速钟差预报精度较低的问题,将核极限学习机算法引入到北斗超快速钟差预报中。首先,将极限学习机进行优化,引入粒子群优化算法来选择核极限学习机所需的核参数和正则化参数;然后,将优化后的方法应用到超快速钟差预报中,并给出了利用该方法进行超快速钟差预报的步骤;最后,在分析iGMAS提供的实测北斗超快速钟差数据的基础上,选用单天和多天数据进行短期预报。结果表明：在短期预报6h范围内,利用本文提供的优化方法解算得到的超快速钟差预报精度明显优于二次多项式模型和周期项模型,并且采用此方法得到的超快速钟差预报产品与iGMAS提供的超快速钟差预报产品(ISU-P)相比,GEO、IGSO和MEO卫星的预报精度分别提升了50.51%、46.98%、40.67%,其与最终精密钟差的符合程度显著 增强 。     

基于通道剪枝的SAR图像舰船检测优化算法

近几年,随着深度学习的发展,基于深度学习的目标检测算法开始应用于合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像中的舰船检测。但深度学习模型结构复杂,参数量与计算量巨大,无法应用到星载处理器的实时处理中。本文提出一种结合了Faster-RCNN和卷积通道剪枝的舰船检测方法,在保证检测精度不受较大影响的情况下,剪除卷积层中的部分参数,提高检测效率。实验表明:经过剪枝优化的Faster-RCNN舰船检测模型中的参数量降低了约56%,而推理时间减少了约51%,同时精度下降仅有1.9%。这给未来在星载处理器上部署舰船检测算法提供了新的思路。     

一种雷达信号模糊函数特征提取与识别方法

现代雷达面向智能化、软件化、多功能与多用途方向发展,一部雷达往往具有多种工作体制与工作状态,雷达信号采用复杂的波形设计,这就使得雷达信号的特征提取与识别过程变得越来越困难。另外,现代电磁环境复杂,杂波、噪声干扰严重,给雷达的侦察工作带来更大的难度。基于此,提出将流形学习应用于雷达信号模糊函数的特征提取,并对其进行仿真与分析。结果验证了该方法的可行性。     

专科学生英语学习动机研究

学习动机与学生的学习态度、学习策略及学习成绩是紧密相关的。它直接制约着学习的积极性,极大地影响着学生的外语学习效果。本文介绍了对大学生英语学习动机研究的过程及其教学启示。     

Drogue detection for autonomous aerial refueling based on convolutional neural networks

Drogue detection is a fundamental issue during the close docking phase of autonomous aerial refueling(AAR). To cope with this issue, a novel and effective method based on deep learning with convolutional neural networks(CNNs) is proposed. In order to ensure its robustness and wide application, a deep learning dataset of images was prepared by utilizing real data of ‘‘Probe and Drogue" aerial refueling, which contains diverse drogues in various environmental conditions without artificial features placed on the drogues. By employing deep learning ideas and graphics processing units(GPUs), a model for drogue detection using a Caffe deep learning framework with CNNs was designed to ensure the method's accuracy and real-time performance. Experiments were conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, and results based on real AAR data compare its performance to other methods, validating the accuracy, speed, and robustness of its drogue detection ability.