神舟3号返回舱内的LET分布及吸收剂量

为了测量进入航天器舱内重电离粒子引起的辐射剂量，在神舟3号返回舱的内壁上安装了一个由CR-39片和铝片叠合组成的固体核径迹探测器．对回收的CR-39片进行化学蚀刻处理后，进行扫描并测量了由重电离粒子在CR-39片上形成的径迹斑．参照由重离子加速器的各种离子给出的标定值，在扣除由地面对照样本提供的本底值后，得出了返回舱内的线性能量传递(LET)值的分布，线性能量传递大于探测器记录阈值的总吸收剂量和总等效剂量，以及总等效剂量随屏蔽物厚度的变化．     

神舟3号飞船上太阳辐射测量

2002年3月至9月间，用3台太阳辐照度绝对辐射计(SIAR)组装的太阳常数监测器在神舟3号飞船轨道舱上测量了太阳辐照度．改进了SIAR辐射计的锥腔结构，把电加热丝埋在薄锥腔壁中间，提高了绝对精度．采用了用宽视场辐射计飞船在轨运动中太阳扫过其视场期间进行测量的方法，测量值与美国EOS上ACRIM Ⅲ测量数据的最大偏差在0．2％以内．     

射线剂量标准装置校准的新方法

在简要介绍 JC- 型射线剂量标准装置工作原理及组成的基础上 ,详细论述了其校准的新方法 ,并给出了检测数据的处理方法     

乙烯基硅橡胶生胶中低分子的脱除

由于硅橡胶是用催化平衡的方法制备，生胶中含有约3％的挥发性的低分子量环体，会对硅橡胶的热真空失重（TML）、可凝挥发物性能（CVCM）有极大影响。为使所制得的硅橡胶符合空间级材料要求，分别采用溶剂抽提法和热真空处理法来脱除乙烯基硅橡胶中的小分子，通过比较处理前后硅橡胶的分子量及其分布、TML、CVCM，对比了两种方法脱除小分子的效果；并制备得到了符合空间级标准的硅橡胶。     

Delineation of possible influence of solar variability and galactic cosmic rays on terrestrial climate parameters

The present paper has investigated the associations of solar activity (SA), represented by total solar irradiance (TSI), galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and terrestrial climate parameters in particular the global cloudiness and global surface temperature. To that end, we have analysed thirty five years (1983–2018) data of these parameters and have applied the Granger-causality test in order to assess whether there is any potential predictability power of one indicator to the other. The correlations among the involved parameters are tested using Vector Auto Regression (VAR) model and variance decomposition method. As a result of the above analysis, we have found that the TSI is an important factor and has contributed about 8.77 ± 0.42% in the cosmic ray intensity variations. In case of cloud cover variations, the other three parameters (TSI, cosmic ray and global surface temperature) have played a significant role. Further, the TSI changes have contributed 1.68 ± 0.03% fluctuations in the variance of the cloud cover while the cosmic ray intensity and global surface temperature have contributed about 4.89 ± 0.08% and 10.87 ± 1.41% respectively. In case of the global surface temperature anomaly both TSI and cloud covers have contributed about 5.07 ± 0.47% and 14.42 ± 2.13% fluctuations respectively. Additionally, we have also assessed the impact of internal climate oscillations like multivariate ENSO index (MEI), north Atlantic oscillations (NAO) and quasi biennial oscillations (QBO) on cloud cover variations. The contribution of these internal oscillations e.g. ENSO, NAO and QBO in cloud cover variation were reported as 7.48 ± 1.02%, 5.51 ± 0.16% and 1.36 ± 0.43% respectively.     

Prediction of ionospheric total electron content using adaptive neural network with in-situ learning algorithm

The Ionospheric Total Electron Content is responsible for the group delay of the signals from the Navigation satellites. This delay causes ranging error, which in turn degrades the accuracy of position estimated by the receivers. For critical applications, single frequency receivers resort to Satellite Based Augmentation Systems in order to have improved accuracy and integrity. The performance of these systems in terms of accuracy can be improved if predictions of the delays are available simultaneously with real measurements. This paper attempts to predict the Total Electron Content using adaptive recurrent Neural Network at three different locations of India. These locations are selected at the magnetic equator, at the equatorial anomaly crest and outside the anomaly range, respectively. In-situ Learning Algorithm has been used for tracking the non-stationary nature of the variation. Prediction is done for different prediction intervals. It is observed that, for each case, the mean and root mean square values of prediction errors remain small enough for all practical applications. Analysis of Variance is also done on the results.     

How cosmic rays were discovered and why they received this misnomer

As many great discoveries, the phenomenon of cosmic rays was discovered mainly accidentally, during investigations that sought to answer another question: what are sources of air ionization? This problem became interesting for science about 230 years ago in the end of the 18th century, when physics met with a problem of leakage of electrical charge from very good isolated bodies. We describe the history how step by step cosmic rays was discovered and why this phenomenon received misnomer, how in cosmic rays was discovered the first antiparticle – positron. These discoveries were recognized among greatest in the 20th Century and were awarded by Nobel Prize.     

Global characteristics of ionospheric electric fields and disturbances during the first hours of magnetic storms

The ionospheric plasma density can be significantly disturbed during magnetic storms. In the conventional scenario of ionospheric storms, the negative storm phases with plasma density decreases are caused by neutral composition changes, and the positive storm phases with plasma density increases are often related to atmospheric gravity waves. However, recent studies show that the global redistribution of the ionospheric plasma is dominated primarily by electric fields during the first hours of magnetic storms. In this paper, we present the measurements of ionospheric disturbances by the DMSP satellites and GPS network during the magnetic storm on 6 April 2000. The DMSP measurements include the F region ion velocity and density at the altitude of ∼840 km, and the GPS receiver network provides total electron content (TEC) measurements. The storm-time ionospheric disturbances show the following characteristics. The plasma density is deeply depleted in a latitudinal range of ∼20° over the equatorial region in the evening sector, and the depletions represent plasma bubbles. The ionospheric plasma density at middle latitudes (20°–40° magnetic latitudes) is significantly increased. The dayside TEC is increased simultaneously over a large latitudinal range. An enhanced TEC band forms in the afternoon sector, goes through the cusp region, and enters the polar cap. All the observed ionospheric disturbances occur within 1–5 h from the storm sudden commencement. The observations suggest that penetration electric fields play a major role in the rapid generation of equatorial plasma bubbles and the simultaneous increases of the dayside TEC within the first 2 h during the storm main phase. The ionospheric disturbances at later times may be caused by the combination of penetration electric fields and neutral wind dynamo process.     

The occurrence of the mid-latitude ionospheric trough in GPS-TEC measurements

Simultaneous GPS observations from about 150 stations of European Permanent Network (EPN) have been used for studying dynamics of latitudinal profiles and structure of mid-latitude ionospheric trough (MIT). For the analyses, the TEC maps over Europe were created with high spatial and temporal resolution. The latitudinal profiles were produced from TEC maps with one-hour interval for geographic latitude range from 35N to 75N. The structure of latitudinal profiles relates to the occurrence of the ionospheric trough. The location of the trough depends on season, local time, and both geophysical and geomagnetic conditions. The trough structure in GPS-TEC demonstrates a smooth shape. The trough occurrence as a distinguished structure is more distinct during winter. The relation of TEC in the trough minimum to the equator and polar walls amounted to a factor of 2–4.     

FDTD-PML方法在柱形散射体总场计算中的应用

利用时域有限差分（FDTD）方法,结合理想匹配层（PML）吸收边界条件,对无限长柱形散射体的总场计算进行分析并得出数值解。证明了该方法在散射体总场计算中的实用性和有效性,并在此基础上给出了不同入射波源及PML参数对计算结果的影响。