航天飞行器热防护系统的一体化设计

航天飞行器进入大气层时经受强烈的气动加热,需借助于热防护系统以保护其免受气动热的伤害;飞行器机翼前缘和鼻罩是最高温区,该处的温差相当大,热防护措施尤其重要。作为热防护系统一方面要抵抗强热的冲击,另一方面要最大限度地减少气动热传入结构的内壁,这就对防热系统所用材料提出不同的要求。抗热冲击要求材料质密而隔热但又要求质轻,这就是矛盾所在。随着复合材料的发展,这对矛盾可以通过利用不同材料特性把防热系统分层来解决,从而导致一体化设计的概念和方法。本文利用热传导理论对两层结构的防热系统进行一体化设计分析。     

热防护材料表面催化特性研究进展

随着高超声速飞行器的发展,高焓离解环境下热防护材料所承受的气动热载荷在很大程度上受到材料表面催化特性的影响。根据高焓服役环境特征和热防护材料表面催化特性的发展现状,重点综述了材料表面催化反应机理和不同尺度的催化模型,分析、比较了催化特性地面测试与评价方法以及典型热防护材料表面催化特性的影响因素,简要总结了国内现阶段相关催化特性研究的初步成果,并在此基础之上提出了催化特性测试与表征方法的不足和后续研究的重点方向,为有效改进热防护材料表面催化特性试验测试技术、准确预测高超声速飞行器气动热环境,从而实现热防护系统的精细化设计提供指导。     

同轴接入设备的系统升级机制设计

高性能同轴网络(HINOC,High performance Network Over Coax)是面向下一代广播电视网的同轴电缆接入新技术,是实现模拟电视系统双向数字改造以及广播电视三网融合战略的关键技术之一.HINOC系统中的嵌入式设备HB(HINOC Bridge)与HM(HINOC Modem)需要通过在线升级实现软件版本的不断更新.针对目前一般的软件在线升级系统中普遍存在的整体加密传输效率低、硬件失效缺乏保护等问题,本升级系统设计在文件的传输和文件烧写的基本步骤上引入了文件差分编码解码、文件校验与加密解密以及异常保护机制.实际测试结果显示,升级系统能够满足HINOC系统在效率、安全性和可靠性方面的要求,保证了嵌入式系统的信息安全以及嵌入式设备在异常情况下的稳定工作.     

Validation of a Compression Mass Gauge using ground tests for liquid propellant mass measurements

To properly estimate orbital lifetimes and predict the maneuverability of spacecraft, the remaining liquid propellant mass must be accurately known at every moment of a space mission. This paper studies the Compression Mass Gauge (CMG) method to determine the mass of liquid contained in a tank in a low-gravity environment with high accuracy. CMG is a thermodynamic method used to determine the quantity of liquid by measuring the gas pressure change when the tank volume changes, and has been previously theoretically and experimentally studied by researchers. The primary objective of this investigation is to explore the effects of attitude disturbance and the spacecraft thermal environment on the accuracy of the method. A ground test system, consisting of several test apparatuses, was fabricated and described as part of this study. The test results and analyses indicate that the CMG performs well and has an accuracy of ±1%. Additionally, demonstrations were performed to show that measurement errors do not increase drastically or exceed ±1% when the test system is vibrated to simulate the tank being perturbed as a result of an attitude disturbance. Liquid sloshing resonance was found to have a significant effect on the gauging accuracy. Measurements in a real thermal environment in which heat transfers into and out of the propellant tank were also conducted. The results show that the gauging accuracy is acceptable for normal liquid propellant. Furthermore, theoretical research shows that heat leakage has a significant influence on cryogenic propellant mass gauging.     

适用于月面高温环境的嫦娥三号地形地貌相机热设计

“嫦娥三号暠月面探测器上安装的地形地貌相机工作时直接暴露在月面高温环境下,受月表红外辐射影响很大,给热控设计带来很大难题。为解决设备工作时的高温问题,在外热流分析的基础上提出了以“最佳散热位置暠为核心的热控方案,设备处于“最佳散热位置暠时能够获得较好的初始温度和最快的降温速率;另外通过把散热面布置在月表红外辐射热流最小的位置并在除散热面以外的其他表面包覆多层隔热组件这两个措施,可以最大程度减小月表红外辐射的影响。地形地貌相机在轨开机工作前的各飞行阶段遥测数据均满足存储温度指标要求并且有较大余量;开机工作环拍一周的遥测数据满足工作温度指标要求并且与热分析结果符合较好,初始温度与遥测温度数据偏差为-1灡7曟,温升速率和降温速率偏差分别为14灡9%和16灡9%。这表明该热控方案正确可行,可为后续中国深空探测类似热控问题参考。     

Planetary protection issues of private endeavours in research,exploration, and human access to space: An environmental economics approach to forward contamination

In light of the rapidly growing New Space Economy, the landscape of space exploration and development activities will certainly become much more complicated year by year. Relevant commercial space actors have already emerged, pushing the boundaries of entrepreneurial space ventures beyond the Earth-oriented upstream and downstream market segments and opening up the path towards the novel segments of space exploration, space resources utilization, and space research. Planetary protection is usually defined as a set of guidelines concerning the avoidance of bidirectional biological material exchange between the Earth and other celestial bodies. Recent success stories of established and new-entrant NewSpace actors, although posing no realistic planetary protection threat at present, clearly indicate that serious work needs to be done in order for the relevant guidelines to keep up with the rapid advances of the technology development cycles that occur within NewSpace companies. This need may become even more urgent, as space entrepreneurs acquire and develop the resources and competencies to target the currently underserved market segments of space research, exploration, and utilization. As of now, these capabilities were maintained solely by public space agencies; thus, all planetary protection priorities, strategies, and responsibilities were discussed, agreed-upon, and delegated for implementation among national and international working groups of public stakeholders. Although top-down regulations can be effective in controlling the quality and conformity of the deliverables of private subcontractors to public contractors, international planetary protection frameworks might need to evolve even beyond such unmet public-private interaction and partnership models. For this reason, this study did not focus on the legal and political issues of mandating NewSpace actors to adhere to planetary protection guidelines; rather, drawing from the field of sustainable development on Earth, an environmental economics approach was followed, with the goal of viewing the relationship between planetary protection and private space exploration and development as another “tragedy of the commons” problem that must be settled accordingly. After the problem’s framing, i.e. the conceptual presentation and synthesis of four extraterrestrial non-excludable goods, the initial approach of their total economic value, and the negative externalities of their exploitation, a discussion of the forward contamination mitigation costs was conducted. Drawing from the literature and using examples from both the terrestrial and aerospace sectors, a pre-emptive move was suggested: the establishment of a global industry consortium for the pre-competitive collaboration in forward contamination mitigation technologies, centered on an international planetary protection analogue program and its respective testbed facility.     

高职学院信息类专业产学研合作人才培养模式及机制探析

随着我国信息化进程的加速,我国信息技术产业迅速发展,信息技术产业对人才的需求也日益扩大。培养信息技术产业需要的、具有较高职业技能的合格人才,成为摆在高职学院信息类专业面前的一个重大课题。本文就高职学院信息类专业如何构建产学研合作人才培养模式及其机制问题谈一点粗浅的看法。     

惯性颗粒在非均匀加速流中的输运问题

基于新型碳基颗粒增强或碳基纤维材料的再入体热烧蚀问题对飞行器的气动力/热性能影响机制尚不明确。初步研究不考虑化学反应和气体引射效应,把热烧蚀问题中的颗粒剥离问题模化为驻点流中的离散颗粒启动问题。由于高速气流在驻点温度达上万度量级,局部马赫数接近于0,研究近似假设靠近壁面的流体动力学为不可压缩的,并使用不可压缩颗粒解析的直接数值模拟方法（PR-DNS）研究一个惯性颗粒在平面挤压流和壁面驻点流中的动力学,从而揭示在驻点流中的颗粒输运机制。研究发现颗粒在壁面驻点流中的输运机制是水平输运,几乎没有垂直输运,与平行剪切颗粒床输运非常不同,这是驻点流特有的垂直向下挤压作用导致的。     

液氧/甲烷发动机推力室多循环热-结构分析

为了研究一款液氧/甲烷发动机推力室多循环工作状态下的结构变形,拓展并验证了一种包括流动-传热分析和非线性有限元分析的热-结构分析方法。通过该方法得到了推力室热载荷与压力载荷分布,并分析了推力室在这些载荷下的应力应变响应。研究表明：推力室整体结构变形并非主要取决于热载荷,压力载荷引起的冷却通道底面弯曲在喷管扩张段尤其明显;后冷阶段产生的弹塑性拉伸应变大于热试阶段产生的压缩应变是导致每次循环结束后结构产生残余应变的直接原因;随着工作循环次数的增加,扩张段的冷却通道底角位置残余应变累积速率最快,该部位被确定为结构失效的潜在位置;增加冷却剂入口附近的通道底面厚度、减小后冷阶段与热试阶段的温差以及将冷却通道的尖锐底角设计为圆角可以成为抑制变形和减缓应变累积的备选措施。     

阴阳极进气量对附加场磁等离子体推力器性能的影响

针对附加场磁等离子体推力器阴阳极供气量对推力器性能的影响进行了研究。采用试验方法测量了稳态AF MPDT的束流参数以及放电电压、放电电流、附加磁感应强度等工况参数,测量计算了推力、效率等性能参数。通过改变阴阳极供气比例,分析研究了初始气体分布对推力器性能及物理机制的影响。研究结果显示,阴极供气比重增大时,推力器推力及效率相应增大,但增大到一定比例,推力器出现工作不稳定导致性能下降,说明阴阳极存在最佳的供气比例,表明供气比例对推力器性能具有重要影响。