航天器热防护材料的发展概述

文章简要介绍新型航天器的热防护材料的发展概况,重点介绍国内外碳/碳复合材料、超高温陶瓷材料、陶瓷基复合材料及新型隔热材料等热防护材料研究工作及其在飞行器上的应用,并对防隔热材料的发展趋势作简要评述.     

编织复合材料在高温热结构中的应用

通过对使用2.5D编织工艺生产的复合材料发动机支撑结构的高温热传导分析,得到了薄壁回转体构件承受高温作用后的传导特性;通过地面富氧状态下的考核试验,验证了该结构能够满足壁面950℃高温长时间使用要求;有限元分析与考核试验结果一致,验证了有限元计算的正确性和地面试验各项热流补偿参数的合理性,对此类产品在工程应用中的分析与预示具有很强的指导意义。     

EOC-g-MAH 共混增韧PLA/ HGB 复合材料的结构及性能

采用熔融共混和模压成型工艺制备了马来酸酐接枝聚烯烃弹性体(EOC-g-MAH)共混增韧聚乳

酸/ 中空玻璃微珠(PLA/ HGB)复合材料,考察了EOC-g-MAH 的质量分数对复合材料的微观结构、力学性能

和热稳定性的影响。结果表明,EOC-g-MAH 的引入促进了基体对HGB 的表面润湿,显著增强了两者的界面

结合。随EOC-g-MAH 的含量增加,PLA/ HGB 复合材料的拉伸强度先上升后降低,并在含量为3% 时达到最

大值,较未改性体系提高了14. 23%,而弹性模量持续下降。在0 ~9%内,PLA/ HGB 复合材料的冲击韧性先急

剧上升而后趋缓,当EOC-g-MAH 的添加量为7%时,即可使增韧体系的冲击韧性提高近40%,表明EOC-g-

MAH 更有利于提高PLA/ HGB 复合材料的抗冲击性能。EOC-g-MAH 的引入使复合体系的热分解过程由一阶

失重转变为两阶失重,但对热分解温度几乎没有影响。

     

Damping of Ni-Mn-Ga epoxy resin composites

By combining the advantages of effcient damping and high mechanical properties,Ni-Mn-Ga particle composites have a very good prospect for applications in damping structure design.In this paper,a ferromagnetic shape memory alloy Ni-Mn-Ga composite is prepared.Ni-Mn-Ga particle/bisphenol-A epoxy composite cantilever beam vibration tests under a magnetic feld and without the magnetic feld are conducted to analyze the structural damping ratios n.Meanwhile,the damping characteristics of the Ni-Mn-Ga composite are studied through the axial loading-unloading method and the acoustic emission signals method.The damping coeffcient of the composite for different Ni-Mn-Ga volume fractions is obtained.The interface properties of the composite are discussed by micro examination and axial loading.The relationships between the damping of the composite and that of the component materials are discussed.The specifc damping capacity（SDC）and acoustic emission counts diagram of different specimens with different Ni-Mn-Ga volume fractions are analyzed.     

基于ICAO起降模型的中国机场飞机排污计算研究

结合ICAO机场排放计算方法,在考虑3种主要气体污染物HC、CO和NOx的情况下,提出了适合中国机场飞机排放污染物的计算方法。该方法基于国际民航组织（ICAO）规定的标准起飞着陆（LTO）循环的模型,采用ICAO发动机排放数据库（ICAO aircraft engine emissions databank）,通过搜集中国民航机队的飞机／发动机配置信息及所列机场航班计划表,计算出机场污染物年排放量。     

国产高模碳纤维/环氧复合材料的太阳电池板热循环适应性研究

国产CCM40J-6K高模碳纤维基板的空间高低温热循环耐受性是决定其是否可以大规模应用于空间太阳电池板的关键因素,必须解决交变热环境下的面板与电池电路的匹配性和长寿命问题。本文以国产CCM40J-6K高模碳纤维/环氧复合材料的太阳电池板为研究对象,开展了热循环环境适应性试验研究,分别从国产和进口碳纤维基板适应高低温交变能力对比、国产碳纤维基板铺设电池电路后适应热环境能力以及电池板在轨寿命等3个方面进行测试试验。结果表明：国产碳纤维CCM40J-6K所构成的电池板综合性能与进口M40JB-6K相当,CCM40J-6K基板与三结砷化镓电池片匹配性良好,国产碳纤维电池板经疲劳热循环后的开路电压和短路电流的变化率分别为0.55%和0.24%,太阳电池片和玻璃盖片外观完好无损,太阳电池电路与基板聚酰亚胺面保持绝缘,且碳纤维表面无脱粘现象。说明国产碳纤维CCM40J-6K能够应用于太阳电池板研制。     

飞机结构健康监控中的信息获取技术

简要概述了飞机结构健康监控系统的概念和作用法,包括lamb波、智能夹层、光纤Bragg光栅传感器、电位后展望了健康监控系统关键技术的发展。重点阐述和讨论了结构健康监控系统的技术原理和方声发射、天线传感器、机电阻抗、应变和应力等,最     

热阻式热流传感器校准装置研究

介绍了热流传感器的主要应用场合,说明了建立热阻式热流传感器校准装置的重要意义,论述了热阻式热流传感器的测量原理及其校准方法,对保护热板法的国内外研究现状进行了总结。设计了保护热板法校准装置,实现热阻式热流传感器量值的准确溯源。     

Pressure wave propagation characteristics in a two-phase flow pipeline for liquid-propellant rocket

The aim of this paper is to investigate the pressure wave propagation behavior in LOX/kerosene rocket engine pump pipeline. A pressure wave propagation model for gas–liquid two-phase flow with phase change taken into consideration is first proposed by using ensemble-averaging techniques. Then condensation of gas oxygen in subcooled liquid oxygen and the corresponding mixing process in pump pipeline are numerically simulated with the application of thermal phase change model in Computational Fluid Dynamics code CFX. Finally, based on the established model and the predicted flow parameters, pressure wave in gas–liquid pipeline flow, characterized by the propagation speed and the attenuation coefficient, is studied by personally compiled code on MATLAB. The calculation results indicate that the propagation speed of two-phase pressure wave first slightly falls and then increases with the decreasing void fraction along the flow direction, and the increase of angular frequency causes the propagation speed and the attenuation coefficient of two-phase pressure wave to increase. The vapor bubble diameter, mass flow rate and inlet temperature of gas oxygen are shown to have strong effects on the mixing flow condensation process of gas oxygen and liquid oxygen. Bubble with larger diameter can weaken the condensation process, and leads to greater cross-sectional mean void fraction of gas oxygen. This phenomenon results in an overall decrease in pressure wave propagation speed and an increase in attenuation coefficient except for the short slug-flow region located at the pipeline inlet. Similar effects can also be achieved by increasing the mass flow rate or the inlet temperature of gas oxygen.     

RBCC发动机火箭出口结构热防护研究

基于目前RBCC组合发动机开展了火箭出口位置结构热防护的研究,该发动机结构形式为火箭从冲压发动机燃烧室侧壁嵌入,火箭出口紧贴冲压发动机燃烧室壁面。火箭出口超高温、高热流、冲刷大的特点,导致该位置热环境非常严酷,为了探索火箭出口位置热防护结构,开展了三种结构热防护方案的试验研究。研究结果表明,石英/酚醛内壳和高温合金外壳复合结构热防护方案能够满足30s量级的地面试验,能够满足火箭出口恶劣环境的热防护要求。研究结果还表明,热防护材料至关重要,高温合金材料不适合应用于火箭出口热防护;高硅氧/酚醛材料虽然基本能满足试验的热防护需求,但其抗烧蚀性能略低,尤其当材料完全炭化后产生的强度降低、收缩、分层、热导系数增加等问题,在更长时间试验中会导致热防护失效,针对这些问题,本文提出了进一步研究建议。