含钟差修正的脉冲星和太阳观测组合导航

为提高深空探测器巡航段的导航定位精度和钟差修正能力,提出一种利用X射线脉冲星和太阳观测信息的组合导航方法.利用脉冲星导航的脉冲到达时间测量值,同时利用太阳敏感器、分光计分别测量太阳视线矢量和探测器相对于太阳的径向速度,并将星载时钟钟差增广为状态变量,构建组合导航系统,利用基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的UD(Upper triangular matrix-Diagonal matrix)分解信息融合算法进行状态估计.仿真结果表明,该方法能有效解决因钟差漂移引起的导航滤波发散问题,同脉冲星导航相比,该方法提高了定位精度和钟差修正能力.     

A debris image tracking using optical flow algorithm

This study proposes a motion detection and object tracking technique for GEO debris in a sequence of images. A couple of techniques (called the “stacking method” and “line-identifying technique”) were recently proposed to address the same problem. Although these techniques are effective at detecting the debris position and motion in the image sequences, there are some issues concerned with computational load and assumed debris motion. This study derives a method to estimate motion vectors of objects in image sequence and finally detect the debris locations by using a computer vision technique called an optical flow algorithm. The new method detects these parameters in low computational time in a serial manner, which implies that it has an advantage to track not only linear but also nonlinear motion of GEO debris more easily than the previous methods. The feasibility of the proposed methods is validated using real and synthesized image sequences which contain some typical debris motions.     

空间碎片现状与清理

分析了空间碎片的严峻现状和空间碎片的10个来源,指出轨道碰撞是产生碎片最多的因素;介绍了空间碎片的观测方法、原理和观测系统的概况,包括正在兴建的观测系统——“空间篱笆”。最后,根据不同轨道高度和空间碎片的数量与大小,提出空间碎片清理原则、要求和9种清理方法。     

基于四元数的UKF多传感器卫星姿态确定

对采用磁强计和太阳敏感器的卫星姿态模型,应用无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)算法确定卫星姿态。由四元数描述姿态,在算法中将其转换成旋转矢量,另设计了四元数求均值的迭代算法,解决了四元数在UKF算法中的处理。仿真结果表明:广义卡尔曼滤波(EKF)算法对初值依赖性较大,UKF算法不受初值影响且精度高于EKF,具快速性、精度高和稳定性强等优点。     

具有外部扰动及不确定系统参数的漂浮基空间机器人关节运动的增广鲁棒控制

讨论了载体位置与姿态均不受控制的漂浮基空间机器人系统的鲁棒控制问题. 利用拉格朗日方法及系统动量守恒关系导出了漂浮基空间机器人欠驱动形式的系统动力学方程, 以确保得到的系统动力学方程关于一组适当选择的组合惯性参数呈线性函数关系. 在此基础上, 借助增广变量法针对末端爪手所持载荷参数存在不确定的情况, 提出了对外部扰动具有鲁棒性的漂浮基空间机器人关节空间轨迹跟踪的拟增广鲁棒控制方案. 所提控制方案由于充分利用空间机器人系统动量守恒关系, 消除了动力学方程中载体位置相关量, 因此具有不需要测量、反馈载体的位置、移动速度和移动加速度的显著优点; 且由于对系统不确定参数及外部扰动始终采用保持鲁棒性的方式而非在线估计的方式, 有效减少了计算量, 因此更适用于机载计算机运算能力有限的空间机器人控制系统实时在线应用. 一个平面两杆空间机器人系统的数值模拟仿真, 证实了方法的有效性.      

一种新型机载对地观测用三轴稳定平台陀螺安装方式

陀螺安装方式及相应的算法编排是稳定平台设计中的一项关键技术。针对机载对地观测用三轴稳定平台特点,提出了将方位陀螺安装在方位环上,俯仰陀螺和横滚陀螺安装在俯仰环上的陀螺安装方式。利用空间矢量分解理论分析了陀螺输出角速度信号的投影关系及电机控制信号的分配;基于稳定平台系统模型,对理想正交情况和考虑陀螺安装误差情况进行了仿真分析,验证了此种安装方式的可行性和优越性。分析表明,在同等条件下,所提出的安装方式减小了稳定平台的机械尺寸,降低了稳定平台的重量和功耗,实现了三维角速度的正交测量,简化了三轴解耦控制算法。研究结论可为其他三轴稳定平台结构设计和陀螺安装方式设计提供参考。     

Feasibility of performing space surveillance tasks with a proposed space-based optical architecture

Under ESA contract an industrial consortium including Aboa Space Research Oy (ASRO), the Astronomical Institute of the University of Bern (AIUB), and the Dutch National Aerospace Laboratory (NLR), proposed the observation concept, developed a suitable sensor architecture, and assessed the performance of a space-based optical (SBO) telescope in 2005. The goal of the SBO study was to analyse how the existing knowledge gap in the space debris population in the millimetre and centimetre regime may be closed by means of a passive optical instrument. The SBO instrument was requested to provide statistical information on the space debris population in terms of number of objects and size distribution. The SBO instrument was considered to be a cost-efficient with 20 cm aperture and 6° field-of-view and having flexible integration requirements. It should be possible to integrate the SBO instrument easily as a secondary payload on satellites launched into low-Earth orbits (LEO), or into geostationary orbit (GEO). Thus the selected mission concept only allowed for fix-mounted telescopes, and the pointing direction could be requested freely. Since 2007 ESA focuses space surveillance and tracking activities in the Space Situational Awareness (SSA) preparatory program. Ground-based radars and optical telescopes are studied for the build-up and maintenance of a catalogue of objects. In this paper we analyse how the proposed SBO architecture could contribute to the space surveillance tasks survey and tracking. We assume that the SBO instrumentation is placed into a circular sun-synchronous orbit at 800 km altitude. We discuss the observation conditions of objects at higher altitude, and select an orbit close to the terminator plane. A pointing of the sensor orthogonal to the orbital plane with optimal elevation slightly in positive direction (0° and +5°) is found optimal for accessing the entire GEO regime within one day, implying a very good coverage of controlled objects in GEO, too. Simulations using ESA’s Program for Radar and Optical Observation Forecasting (PROOF) in the version 2005 and a GEO reference population extracted from DISCOS revealed that the proposed pointing scenario provides low phase angles together with low angular velocities of the objects crossing the field-of-view. Radiometric simulations show that the optimal exposure time is 1–2 s, and that spherical objects in GEO with a diameter of below 1 m can be detected. The GEO population can be covered under proper illumination nearly completely, but seasonal drops of the coverage are possible. Subsequent observations of objects are on average at least every 1.5 days, not exceeding 3 days at maximum. A single observation arc spans 3° to 5° on average. Using a simulation environment that connects PROOF to AIUB’s program system CelMech we verify the consistency of the initial orbit determination for five selected test objects on subsequent days as a function of realistic astrometric noise levels. The initial orbit determination is possible. We define requirements for a correlator process essential for catalogue build-up and maintenance. Each single observation should provide an astrometric accuracy of at least 1”–1.5” so that the initially determined orbits are consistent within a few hundred kilometres for the semi-major axis, 0.01 for the eccentricity, and 0.1° for the inclination.     

Sumbandilasat—An operational technology demonstrator

Technology advances in sensor, digital technology and a standardised modular satellite bus are enabling a new generation of 80 kg micro-satellites with a better than 6.5 m GSD multi-spectral performance, to be specified, built and deployed with a dedicated launch within 12 months. The result of the standardised modular bus is lower cost, higher reliability and fast deployment. Operational remote sensing with a micro-satellite is thus within reach of individual organisations for dedicated missions. Sumbandilasat (pioneer in the Venda language) is a second generation satellite technology building on the expertise obtained in the Sunsat small satellite programme. The components used to build Sumbandilasat are the result of a technology development program of more than 3 years. Sumbandilasat is an operational technology demonstrator with more than 90% newly developed or improved subsystems and a compact refractive imager as a precursor to the MSMISat satellite with the same multi-spectral band set. The scalable, standardised modular satellite bus architecture enables satellites with a mass of 80–450 kg to be adapted to the specific mission requirements with minimum new engineering effort.     

HIRDES – The High-Resolution Double-Echelle Spectrograph for the World Space Observatory Ultraviolet (WSO/UV)

The World Space Observatory Ultraviolet (WSO/UV) is a multi-national project grown out of the needs of the astronomical community to have future access to the UV range. WSO/UV consists of a single UV telescope with a primary mirror of 1.7 m diameter feeding the UV spectrometer and UV imagers. The spectrometer comprises three different spectrographs, two high-resolution echelle spectrographs (the High-Resolution Double-Echelle Spectrograph, HIRDES) and a low-dispersion long-slit instrument. Within HIRDES the 102–310 nm spectral band is split to feed two echelle spectrographs covering the UV range 174–310 nm and the vacuum-UV range 102–176 nm with high spectral resolution (R > 50,000). The technical concept is based on the heritage of two previous ORFEUS SPAS missions. The phase-B1 development activities are described in this paper considering performance aspects, design drivers, related trade-offs (mechanical concepts, material selection etc.) and a critical functional and environmental test verification approach. The current state of other WSO/UV scientific instruments (imagers) is also described.     

ESA开展GEO上小碎片的调查

文章主要介绍了欧空局开展地球同步轨道(GEO)小碎片的调查情况及相应技术.