国际空间保险的发展与现状

本文一般性地介绍了国际空间保险业务的新近发展和现状,并浅近地谈了一些空间保险、风险等有关问题。     

KM3大型空间环模设备放气污染检测与污染控制

首次建立了对空间环模设备放气污染检测的6种测试方法,应用于KM3大型空间环模设备的多次试验中,并依据检测结果,对 KM3系统的污染特性从污染来源、成分及分布进行了详细论述,提出了一些相应的控制方法。     

Energy utilization rates during shuttle extravehicular activities

The work rates or energy utilization rates during EVA are major factors in sizing of life support systems. These rates also provide a measure of ease of EVA and its cost in crew fatigue. From the first Shuttle EVA on the STS-6 mission in 1983, we have conducted 59 man-EVA and 341 man-hours of EVA. Energy utilization rates have been measured on each of these EVA. Metabolic rate was measured during each EVA using oxygen utilization corrected for suit leakage. From 1981–1987, these data were available for average data over the EVA or over large segments of the EVA. Since 1987, EVA oxygen utilization data were available at 2-minute intervals. The average metabolic rate on Shuttle EVA (194 kcal/hr.) has been significantly lower than metabolic rates during Apollo and Skylab missions. Peak rates have been below design levels, infrequent, and of short duration. The data suggest that the energy cost of tasks may be inversely related to the degree of training for the task. The data provide insight on the safety margins provided by life support designs and on the energy cost of Station construction EVA.     

Will space run out of space? The orbital debris problem and its mitigation

An appraisal of current and future risks from space debris is presented with the aid of calculations carried out by the MASTER model. The efficacy of various technical options -- such as fuel venting, de-orbiting and use of a graveyard orbit -- for counteracting the problem is discussed. The article then focuses on governmental and international cooperative measures and looks at the recent work done by subcommittees of the UN COPUOS.     

国外大型团体发动机喷管性能分析

概述了国外大型固体发动机喷管所用的主要材料及质量特性、喷管效率等性能。分析了采用可延伸出口锥的优越性，并结合我国情况，为缩小差距，提出了所应采取措施的建议。     

空间拦截智能自适应变结构导引规律研究

结合空间拦截的精确末制导问题，本文介绍了一种对目标机动和参数摄动具有鲁棒性的自适应结构制导律（ＡＶＳＧ）。在此基础上，我们研究了一种智能自适应变结构制方法（ＩＡＶＳＧ）。此方法精略地估计出目标法向加速度的强度，并以此为依据自主地调整ＡＶＳＧ中变结构项的强度，这样，既可以消除视线角速度的抖动，又可以保证制导精度，仿真结果证明了ＩＡＶＳＧ的有效性。     

平面型两关节空间机器人的自适应轨迹控制

基于参数线性分离方法，得到了平面型两关节空间机器人线性参数化形式的动力学模型，这种模型非常适合于采用自适应控制方法。控制策略考虑了机器人各关节之间的耦合及机械臂与基座航天器之间的耦合，对航天器姿态的控制和机械臂的控制进行综合，在满足手端跟踪期望轨迹的同时，保证航天器姿态基本不变。控制器由一个PD反馈项和一个补偿动力学不确定性的非线性自适应反馈项构成，能够保证对期望关节轨迹的全局渐进跟踪，提高了空间机器人操作的适应性和安全性。     

中分辨率微波扫描辐射仪

仪器实施的方案为固定视角圆锥扫描双参数温度外部两点式周期定标全功率型，论述了它的工作原理、视向与扫描方式、频段选择和总体的构形。同时对天馈技术、微波接收机、定位技术、数据采集与处理、驱动与传输、电源、热控制等技术进行了分析。     

基于ICCD的空间微光成像系统成像性能研究

研究基于像增强型CCD（ICCD）的空间高分辨率微光成像系统的成像性能。通过理论推导及数学仿真的方法，对系统在微光条件下的能量传递、极限分辨力、信噪比以及调制传递函数进行分析计算。研究表明，系统在黎明照度条件下具有较好探测能力，通过对ICCD器件制冷可以有效提高系统信噪比，实现满月照度的探测成像。     

具有星间链路的星座相位设计

通过分析星座空间构形的变化规律，综合考虑星座空间构形对地面覆盖特性、星间链路、空间测量精度以及工作性能的影响，利用改进的层次分析法对星座相位进行优化设计。通过对全球覆盖星座进行仿真，验证了方法的可行性。