时延下空间遥操作机器人系统工作模式研究

工作在人机交互方式下的遥操作机器人是实现空间作业的有力手段。首先介绍了空间遥操作机器人系统的构成与工作原理，然后提出了基于临场感遥控技术、虚拟现实技术与自主控制技术相结合的多种工作模式，用于实现在不同条件下时延空间遥操作机器人系统的作业任务，并讨论了工作模式选择的方法。最后经模拟实验系统验证了所提出的工作模式的有效性。     

Effects of space weather on the ionosphere and LEO satellites’ orbital trajectory in equatorial,low and middle latitude

We study the effects of space weather on the ionosphere and low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites’ orbital trajectory in equatorial, low- and mid-latitude (EQL, LLT and MLT) regions during (and around) the notable storms of October/November, 2003. We briefly review space weather effects on the thermosphere and ionosphere to demonstrate that such effects are also latitude-dependent and well established. Following the review we simulate the trend in variation of satellite’s orbital radius (r), mean height (h) and orbit decay rate (ODR) during 15 October–14 November 2003 in EQL, LLT and MLT. Nominal atmospheric drag on LEO satellite is usually enhanced by space weather or solar-induced variations in thermospheric temperature and density profile. To separate nominal orbit decay from solar-induced accelerated orbit decay, we compute $r\text{,}h$ and ODR in three regimes viz. (i) excluding solar indices (or effect), where $r=r_0\text{,}h=h_0$ and $\mathit{ODR}={\mathit{ODR}}_0$ (ii) with mean value of solar indices for the interval, where $r=r_m\text{,}h=h_m$ and $\mathit{ODR}={\mathit{ODR}}_m$ and (iii) with actual daily values of solar indices for the interval ($r\text{,}h$ and ODR). For a typical LEO satellite at h?=?450?km, we show that the total decay in r during the period is about 4.20?km, 3.90?km and 3.20?km in EQL, LLT and MLT respectively; the respective nominal decay ($r_0$) is 0.40?km, 0.34?km and 0.22?km, while solar-induced orbital decay ($r_m$) is about 3.80?km, 3.55?km and 2.95?km. h also varied in like manner. The respective nominal ${\mathit{ODR}}_0$ is about 13.5?m/day, 11.2?m/day and 7.2?m/day, while solar-induced ${\mathit{ODR}}_m$ is about 124.3?m/day, 116.9?m/day and 97.3?m/day. We also show that severe geomagnetic storms can increase ODR by up to 117% (from daily mean value). However, the extent of space weather effects on LEO Satellite’s trajectory significantly depends on the ballistic co-efficient and orbit of the satellite, and phase of solar cycles, intensity and duration of driving (or influencing) solar event.     

一种用于快速跟踪视线的空间拦截器姿态控制方法

以空间拦截器的纵轴在中、末制导段要求指向目标的视线，按最小空间角距旋转，作为跟踪目标的姿态定向的假想坐标系，形成本体坐标系相对假想坐标系的误差四元数。由拦截器的转动角速度分量与误差四元数作为状态反馈构造稳态姿态控制的数学模型。为了得到姿态控制所需的变控制力矩，运用PWPF调制器对常值推力姿控发动机的稳态和脉冲工作状态进行调制，构造所谓的“数字变力矩”控制器，实现对姿态的连续控制。仿真计算结果表明，该方法是实际可行的。     

铝热沉的焊接工艺选择及其实施

文章介绍了在新型空间环境模拟器中铝热沉的焊接工艺选择和实施过程。该热沉是用2千多根铝管和4千多条焊缝焊成的。它要求焊缝在长期冷热交变作用下仍具有高度的气密性。实践证明了这种工艺选择的正确性,并很好地满足了设计要求。     

滑移铰空间机器人基于分级Lyapunov方法的避障碍非完整运动规划

基于分级Lyapunov方法,讨论了载体姿态与位置均不受控制的滑移铰空间机器人末端运动轨迹的避障碍运动学规划问题．首先以系统动量矩守恒关系及运动Jacobi关系为基础,建立了控制设计所需的系统状态方程及控制输出方程．此后,在Lyapunov函数的选取上采取分两级采取的方式,即初级Lyapunov函数确保滑移铰空间机器人的末端抓手从初始位置运动到指定的终点位置,次级Lyapunov函数则确保末端抓手避开工作空间中的障碍区域;两级合成则使空间机器人的末端抓手既实现了指定的位置移动又避开了障碍区域．系统数值仿真,证明了方法的有效性．     

中国航天医学进展

航天医学是随着载人航天事业的发展而兴起的一门特种医学学科、随着人类对太空的不断探索,从学科创建至今的短短几十年时间取得了巨大的发展,我国的载人航天工程于20世纪90年代初启动,但航天医学发展的历史却可追溯到50年代末,特别是近10年来,我国载人航天工程的启动为航天医学的发展带来了重大机遇,目前,我国首次载人航天飞行已获圆满成功,首飞航天员也已安全、健康地重返地球,航天医学专家们与航天员一同经受住了首次载人航天飞行的考验、本文简要介绍了我国航天医学的基础研究和应用研究,以及取得的进展,并展望了今后将面临的挑战和机遇。     

空间碎片环境与碰撞预警仿真系统设计

在轨编目航天器数目已超过了9000,为了保证航天任务的顺利完成,必须对可能威胁到任务轨道的空间目标进行分析,文章首先对两行轨道根数和SGP4／SDP4轨道预报模型进行了分析,在此基础上建立了空间目标数据库及空间碎片环境与碰撞预警仿真和数据可视化系统。     

遥感图像受控有失真压缩技术研究

在测绘遥感领域, 对图像的像质要求较为严格, 但即便如此, 遥感图像数据中仍然含有噪声, 从而有损压缩是可行的。文章在遥感图像信噪分析的基础上, 提出了一种遥感图像受控有失真压缩技术。首先分析了遥感图像有失真压缩的可行性; 然后应用小波的良好变焦性能, 对遥感图像施行2层2维小波的塔式分解; 对低频子图进行精细量化,对高频子图进行从粗到精的量化; 最后, 考察不同的高频量化器对遥感图像的压缩倍率和恢复图像像质的影响。     

An empirical model to predict the 1-AU arrival of interplanetary shocks

We extend the empirical coronal mass ejection (CME) arrival model of Gopalswamy et al. [Gopalswamy, N. et al. Predicting the 1-AU arrival times of coronal mass ejections, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 29207, 2001] to predict the 1-AU arrival of interplanetary (IP) shocks. A set of 29 IP shocks and the associated magnetic clouds observed by the Wind spacecraft are used for this study. The primary input to this empirical shock arrival model is the initial speed of white-light CMEs obtained using coronagraphs. We use the gas dynamic piston–shock relationship to derive the ESA model which provides a simple means of obtaining the 1-AU speed and arrival times of interplanetary shocks using CME speeds.     

On one approach to space weather studies from ground based observations during 1953–2001

The cross correlation of daily values of coronal hole areas at the eastern limb of the Sun constructed from the ground based measurements of the green coronal line and daily mean cosmic ray intensities over long time periods shows asymmetry: at the maximum of their 27 day cycle, cosmic ray intensities are better correlated with coronal hole areas 66 days before than with the current value. This indicates the potential for using coronal emission data as one of the parameters for eventual prediction of the level of cosmic ray flux at neutron monitor energies.