小天体柔性附着状态协同估计方法

针对小天体附着过程易发生倾覆、反弹导致任务失败问题,提出“柔性附着”概念,替代传统小天体探测的刚性附着模式,为提高小天体附着任务可靠性提供新的解决思路和技术途径。在此基础上,针对柔性着陆器的状态估计问题展开研究。首先建立了柔性着陆器近似模型,提出了柔性着陆器“等效面”概念及柔性着陆器姿态的近似表征方式,进而提出了柔性附着状态协同估计方法,并通过数值仿真检验了柔性着陆器状态协同估计的可行性。     

Small satellite survey mission to the second Earth moon

This paper presents an innovative space mission devoted to the survey of the small Earth companion asteroid by means of nano platforms. Also known as the second Earth moon, Cruithne, is the target identified for the mission. Both the trajectory to reach the target and a preliminary spacecraft budget are here detailed. The idea is to exploit high efficient ion thrusters to reduce the propellant mass fraction in such a high total impulse mission (of the order of 1e6 Ns). This approach allows for a 100 kg class spacecraft with a very small Earth escape energy (5 km²/s²) to reach the destination in about 320 days. The 31% propellant mass fraction allows for a payload mass fraction of the order of 8% and this is sufficient to embark on such a small spacecraft a couple of nano-satellites deployed once at the target to carry out a complete survey of the asteroid. Two 2U Cubesats are here considered as representative payload, but also other scientific payloads or different platforms might be considered according with the specific mission needs. The small spacecraft used to transfer these to the target guarantees the manoeuvre capabilities during the interplanetary journey, the protection against radiations along the path and the telecommunication relay functions for the data transmission with Earth stations. The approach outlined in the paper offers reliable solutions to the main issues associated with a deep space nano-satellite mission thus allowing the exploitation of distant targets by means of these tiny spacecraft. The study presents an innovative general strategy for the NEO observation and Cruithne is chosen as test bench. This target, however, mainly for its relevant inclination, requires a relatively large propellant mass fraction that can be reduced if low inclination asteroids are of interest. This might increase the payload mass fraction (e.g. additional Cubesats and/or additional scientific payloads on the main bus) for the same 100 kg class mission.     

小天体软着陆自主光学导航与制导方法研究

针对小天体软着陆任务自主性、实时性的需求,对软着陆小天体自主导航与制导问题 进行了研究。提出了一种利用激光测距仪和光学导航相机跟踪目标着陆点的自主导航方案, 利用测距矢量以及目标点之间的几何关系,确定着陆平面法向方向和目标点位置。分析期望 的探测器下降轨迹特点,给出了一种基于制导变量的脉冲控制制导律,通过对目标点视线与 着陆平面法向矢量之间夹角的控制,将软着陆小天体控制分解为切向控制与法向控制两部分 。最后,通过数学仿真对自主导航制导系统的性能进行了验证,结果表明该方法能够满足垂 直软着陆的任务需要,实现高精度软着陆。     

“北京一号”小卫星图像分析

20世纪80年代中期开始,世界航天界兴起了发展小卫星的热潮,特别是小卫星星群或星座的发展,将取代部分现代大型应用卫星的功能。文章提出并总结了图像综合品质评价技术指标,对中国的“北京一号”（DMC＋4灾难监测星座）小卫星图像进行评价,从图像的空间分辨率、光谱分辨率和时间分辨率几个方面对中国“北京一号”小卫星图像进行分析。     

火工切割器的一种小样本可靠性验证试验

提出了火工切割器的一种小样本计量型可靠性验证试验方法及偏保守的可靠性评估方法,将火工切割器的燃气压力峰值作为可靠性特征量进行可靠性验证试验,分别测试额定工况(双边点火工况)下的燃气压力峰值和单边点火工况下的燃气压力峰值。基于应力-强度干涉理论,用小样本可靠性验证试验数据开展可靠性评估。这种验证方法既可避免特征量临界值分布规律摸底试验中消耗一定数量的产品,又能实现计量法代替计数法,还避免了人为设定强化系数,评估结果能够反映产品在加严条件下的可靠度水平。文章给出了用60个火工切割器样本进行可靠性验证试验及可靠性评估的应用实例,为航天器火工装置小样本可靠性验证提供技术途径。     

气膜孔结构对涡轮导叶端壁冷却效率的影响研究

对涡轮叶栅端壁上游4种气膜冷却结构模型进行了数值模拟,得出在不同吹风比情况下涡轮叶栅端壁的流动与换热特性。结果表明,无槽气膜孔冷气射流在孔下游与主流相互作用形成1对转动方向相反的耦合涡,主流被卷入耦合涡并冲击到了端壁,使得孔间壁温接近主流温度,气膜冷却效率很低;带槽气膜孔抑制了耦合涡的形成,冷却了孔间端壁,气膜冷却效率较高,而且,随着槽深度的增加,冷气的展向(Y向)宽度逐渐增加,扩大了冷气覆盖区域,提高了端壁气膜冷却效率。     

Studies of strong gravitational fields near super-massive black hole horizons with space missions

General relativity (GR) can be probed by several tests in the weak gravitational field limit. On the contrary, very poor information exists about GR tests in strong gravitational fields. Here, we focus on the interaction of light rays with the strong gravitational field of a massive black hole and show that relativistic images may form. Hence, we calculate the shapes of shadows (mirages) forming just near BH horizons and discuss the possibility to estimate the black hole parameters (mass, spin and charge) by future astrometric missions. In 2007, the Radioastron space telescope will be launched and it will allow to evaluate those parameters for the black hole hosted at the center of our Galaxy.     

磁控小卫星周期时变的比例微分控制设计方法

在极地圆轨道上工作的对地定向磁控小卫星,其动力学方程是一个线性周期系统。根据极地轨道地磁场变化的特性,利用卫星的姿态角和姿态角速度作为反馈信号,提出也一种采用磁力矩器的比例微分控制规律设计方法。     

微小空间碎片与原子氧协同效应研究

利用等离子体驱动微小碎片加速器和潘宁源的原子氧模拟装置在中国首次开展了微小碎片撞击与原子氧协同作用对Kapton膜和镀铝Kapton膜的侵蚀效应研究. 实验结果表明, 碎片撞击能明显加剧原子氧对Kapton和镀铝Kapton膜的侵蚀效应, 对航天器的寿命及可靠性构成威胁, 制约中国长寿命高可靠性航天器的发展.      

横向连续推力小偏心率人工冻结轨道设计

非临界倾角自然冻结轨道要求近地点幅角为90°, 偏心率在1× 10-3量级, 并且偏心率与轨道倾角和半长轴有特定的对应关系, 苛刻的要求极大地限制了轨道根数选择的多样性. 研究表明, 施加常幅值、方向半轨道周期切换的横向连续小推力可以形成任意轨道根数的小偏心率人工冻结轨道, 放宽自然冻结轨道对轨道根数的严苛限制. 维持小偏心率人工冻结轨道的横向连续推力a_T与半长轴的平方根成正比, 与偏心率大小成反比; 在临界倾角i_c附近, 推力a_T与倾角偏置量Δi近似呈正比, 且长期维持的燃料消耗较小. 此外, 在进行仿真计算时还需考虑拟平均轨道根数与瞬时轨道根数的转换.