X-rays from the first massive black holes

X-ray studies of high-redshift (z > 4) active galaxies have advanced substantially over the past few years, largely due to results from the new generation of X-ray observatories. As of this writing X-ray emission has been detected from nearly 60 high-redshift active galaxies. This paper reviews the observational results and their implications for models of the first massive black holes, and it discusses future prospects for the field.     

A fault diagnosis model based on weighted extension neural network for turbo-generator sets on small samples with noise

In data-driven fault diagnosis for turbo-generator sets, the fault samples are usually expensive to obtain, and inevitably with noise, which will both lead to an unsatisfying identification performance of diagnosis models. To address these issues, this paper proposes a fault diagnosis model for turbo-generator sets based on Weighted Extension Neural Network (W-ENN). W-ENN is a novel neural network which has three types of connection weights and an improved correlation function. The performance of the proposed model is validated against Extension Neural Network (ENN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Relevance Vector Machine (RVM) and Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) based models. The results indicate that, on noisy small sample sets, the proposed model is superior to the other models in terms of higher identification accuracy with fewer samples and strong noise-tolerant ability. The findings of this study may serve as a powerful fault diagnosis model for turbo-generator sets on noisy small sample sets.     

一种小天体探测器绕飞轨道主动抗扰控制方法

针对小天体绕飞探测过程中,探测器受到的非球形引力摄动及太阳光压等多源扰动问题,结合绕飞探测的周期性特点,提出一种小天体探测器绕飞轨道主动抗扰控制方法。首先,通过迭代学习控制对小天体探测器受多源扰动影响产生的误差进行抑制,然后设计扰动观测器估计系统总扰动,构造自适应律实时估计扰动上界,进而设计控制律对总扰动进行主动补偿。最后以243Ida作为目标天体进行绕飞探测仿真分析,结果表明该控制方法能更加有效地提高小天体探测器的轨道跟踪控制精度。     

小天体柔性附着状态协同估计方法

针对小天体附着过程易发生倾覆、反弹导致任务失败问题,提出“柔性附着”概念,替代传统小天体探测的刚性附着模式,为提高小天体附着任务可靠性提供新的解决思路和技术途径。在此基础上,针对柔性着陆器的状态估计问题展开研究。首先建立了柔性着陆器近似模型,提出了柔性着陆器“等效面”概念及柔性着陆器姿态的近似表征方式,进而提出了柔性附着状态协同估计方法,并通过数值仿真检验了柔性着陆器状态协同估计的可行性。     

Small satellite survey mission to the second Earth moon

This paper presents an innovative space mission devoted to the survey of the small Earth companion asteroid by means of nano platforms. Also known as the second Earth moon, Cruithne, is the target identified for the mission. Both the trajectory to reach the target and a preliminary spacecraft budget are here detailed. The idea is to exploit high efficient ion thrusters to reduce the propellant mass fraction in such a high total impulse mission (of the order of 1e6 Ns). This approach allows for a 100 kg class spacecraft with a very small Earth escape energy (5 km²/s²) to reach the destination in about 320 days. The 31% propellant mass fraction allows for a payload mass fraction of the order of 8% and this is sufficient to embark on such a small spacecraft a couple of nano-satellites deployed once at the target to carry out a complete survey of the asteroid. Two 2U Cubesats are here considered as representative payload, but also other scientific payloads or different platforms might be considered according with the specific mission needs. The small spacecraft used to transfer these to the target guarantees the manoeuvre capabilities during the interplanetary journey, the protection against radiations along the path and the telecommunication relay functions for the data transmission with Earth stations. The approach outlined in the paper offers reliable solutions to the main issues associated with a deep space nano-satellite mission thus allowing the exploitation of distant targets by means of these tiny spacecraft. The study presents an innovative general strategy for the NEO observation and Cruithne is chosen as test bench. This target, however, mainly for its relevant inclination, requires a relatively large propellant mass fraction that can be reduced if low inclination asteroids are of interest. This might increase the payload mass fraction (e.g. additional Cubesats and/or additional scientific payloads on the main bus) for the same 100 kg class mission.     

小天体软着陆自主光学导航与制导方法研究

针对小天体软着陆任务自主性、实时性的需求,对软着陆小天体自主导航与制导问题 进行了研究。提出了一种利用激光测距仪和光学导航相机跟踪目标着陆点的自主导航方案, 利用测距矢量以及目标点之间的几何关系,确定着陆平面法向方向和目标点位置。分析期望 的探测器下降轨迹特点,给出了一种基于制导变量的脉冲控制制导律,通过对目标点视线与 着陆平面法向矢量之间夹角的控制,将软着陆小天体控制分解为切向控制与法向控制两部分 。最后,通过数学仿真对自主导航制导系统的性能进行了验证,结果表明该方法能够满足垂 直软着陆的任务需要,实现高精度软着陆。     

“北京一号”小卫星图像分析

20世纪80年代中期开始,世界航天界兴起了发展小卫星的热潮,特别是小卫星星群或星座的发展,将取代部分现代大型应用卫星的功能。文章提出并总结了图像综合品质评价技术指标,对中国的“北京一号”（DMC＋4灾难监测星座）小卫星图像进行评价,从图像的空间分辨率、光谱分辨率和时间分辨率几个方面对中国“北京一号”小卫星图像进行分析。     

火工切割器的一种小样本可靠性验证试验

提出了火工切割器的一种小样本计量型可靠性验证试验方法及偏保守的可靠性评估方法,将火工切割器的燃气压力峰值作为可靠性特征量进行可靠性验证试验,分别测试额定工况(双边点火工况)下的燃气压力峰值和单边点火工况下的燃气压力峰值。基于应力-强度干涉理论,用小样本可靠性验证试验数据开展可靠性评估。这种验证方法既可避免特征量临界值分布规律摸底试验中消耗一定数量的产品,又能实现计量法代替计数法,还避免了人为设定强化系数,评估结果能够反映产品在加严条件下的可靠度水平。文章给出了用60个火工切割器样本进行可靠性验证试验及可靠性评估的应用实例,为航天器火工装置小样本可靠性验证提供技术途径。     

气膜孔结构对涡轮导叶端壁冷却效率的影响研究

对涡轮叶栅端壁上游4种气膜冷却结构模型进行了数值模拟,得出在不同吹风比情况下涡轮叶栅端壁的流动与换热特性。结果表明,无槽气膜孔冷气射流在孔下游与主流相互作用形成1对转动方向相反的耦合涡,主流被卷入耦合涡并冲击到了端壁,使得孔间壁温接近主流温度,气膜冷却效率很低;带槽气膜孔抑制了耦合涡的形成,冷却了孔间端壁,气膜冷却效率较高,而且,随着槽深度的增加,冷气的展向(Y向)宽度逐渐增加,扩大了冷气覆盖区域,提高了端壁气膜冷却效率。     

Studies of strong gravitational fields near super-massive black hole horizons with space missions

General relativity (GR) can be probed by several tests in the weak gravitational field limit. On the contrary, very poor information exists about GR tests in strong gravitational fields. Here, we focus on the interaction of light rays with the strong gravitational field of a massive black hole and show that relativistic images may form. Hence, we calculate the shapes of shadows (mirages) forming just near BH horizons and discuss the possibility to estimate the black hole parameters (mass, spin and charge) by future astrometric missions. In 2007, the Radioastron space telescope will be launched and it will allow to evaluate those parameters for the black hole hosted at the center of our Galaxy.