信号传输中的驻波处理

给出了驻波处理的简便方法,考察了有关的理论,给出了新的计算公式。     

Cosmological Shock Waves

Large-scale structure formation, accretion and merging processes, AGN activity produce cosmological gas shocks. The shocks convert a fraction of the energy of gravitationally accelerated flows to internal energy of the gas. Being the main gas-heating agent, cosmological shocks could amplify magnetic fields and accelerate energetic particles via the multi-fluid plasma relaxation processes. We first discuss the basic properties of standard single-fluid shocks. Cosmological plasma shocks are expected to be collisionless. We then review the plasma processes responsible for the microscopic structure of collisionless shocks. A tiny fraction of the particles crossing the shock is injected into the non-thermal energetic component that could get a substantial part of the ram pressure power dissipated at the shock. The energetic particles penetrate deep into the shock upstream producing an extended shock precursor. Scaling relations for postshock ion temperature and entropy as functions of shock velocity in strong collisionless multi-fluid shocks are discussed. We show that the multi-fluid nature of collisionless shocks results in excessive gas compression, energetic particle acceleration, precursor gas heating, magnetic field amplification and non-thermal emission. Multi-fluid shocks provide a reduced gas entropy production and could also modify the observable thermodynamic scaling relations for clusters of galaxies.     

用GAO-YONG湍流模式对翼型跨音粘流的数值模拟

应用GAO-YONG可压缩湍流模式,数值模拟了NACA0012,RAE2822翼型的定常跨音速粘流算例.对流项采用三阶ROE格式,扩散项采用二阶中心格式,用多步Runge-Kutta显式时间推进法求解空间离散后的控制方程.计算结果很好地预测了翼型表面的压力系数的分布、激波的位置、马赫数等值线的分布等情况,并且对翼型表面激波与边界层相互干扰以及层流向湍流的转捩问题进行了分析计算.计算结果与实验值符合很好,表明GAO-YONG可压缩湍流模式应用合适的计算方法能够高精度模拟翼型跨音粘性流动问题,并且基于GAO-YONG可压缩湍流模式各向异性湍流粘性的机理,提供了一种预测转捩起始位置的判别方法.      

Alfvén waves in the context of solar-like star formation: accretion columns and disks

In this work we examine the damping of Alfvén waves as a source of plasma heating in disks and magnetic funnels of young solar like stars, the T Tauri stars. We apply four different damping mechanisms in this study: viscous-resistive, collisional, nonlinear and turbulent, exploring a wide range of wave frequencies, from 10⁻⁵Ω_i to 10⁻¹Ω_i (where Ω_i is the ion-cyclotron frequency). The results show that Alfvénic heating can increase the ionization rate of accretion disks and elevate the temperature of magnetic funnels of T Tauri stars opening possibilities to explain some observational features of these objects. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

无导叶对转涡轮三维流场数值分析

1引言近年来,研究者在1 1/2对转涡轮设计方法、对转涡轮实验台、实验件的设计加工以及对转涡轮的数值模拟方面进行了大量的工作[1~8]。在1 1/2对转涡轮中,一方面由于两转子对转使叶排相对转速大幅增大,约为传统涡轮的两倍;另一方面,高压动叶在结构上与传统的渐缩式流道涡轮叶栅     

远场假设对喷流噪声预测中格林函数求解的影响

目前基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes（RANS）的喷流噪声预测方法在格林函数求解时, 为简化求解过程,通常对喷流流动做平行流假设, 对观测点做远场假设。随着格林函数求解方法发展,近年来的研究表明平行流假设对下游观测点格林函数的计算会引起较大偏差,而目前远场假设对格林函数求解的影响仍不清楚。为研究远场假设对喷流格林函数求解的影响,以二维喷流为例, 采用计算气动声学方法（CAA）分别数值求解了观测点远场假设条件与实际条件下90°~150°方向喷流内伴随格林函数,进而分析远场假设对格林函数求解的影响。研究结果表明,对于不同方向的观测点,由观测远场假设导致的伴随格林函数求解偏差不尽相同,且对于越靠近喷流中心线方向的观测点,远场假设导致的偏差越大,其中150°方向观测点,采用远场假设后,格林函数计算结果最大偏差达到-15 dB以上。因此,对于靠近喷流中心线方向的噪声观测点而言,为避免预测偏差,应采用实际观测条件求解喷流格林函数。     

A quasi-one-dimensional model for hypersonic reactive flow along the stagnation streamline

This study proposes a quasi-one-dimensional model to predict the chemical non-equilibrium flow along the stagnation streamline of hypersonic flow past a blunt body. The model solves reduced equations along the stagnation streamline and predicts nearly identical results as the numerical solution of the full-field Navier-Stokes equations. The high efficiency of this model makes it useful to investigate the overall quantitative behavior of related physical-chemical phenomena. In this paper two important properties of hypersonic flow, shock stand-off distance and oxygen disso-ciation, are studied using the quasi-one-dimensional model with the ideal dissociating gas model. It is found that the shock stand-off distance is affected by both chemical and thermal non-equilibrium. The shock stand-off distance will increase when the flow conditions are changed from equilibrium to non-equilibrium, because the average density of the shock-compressed gas will decrease as a result of the increase in translational energy. For oxygen dissociation, the maximum value of its dis-sociation degree along the stagnation line varies with the flight altitude. It is increased at first and decreased thereafter with the altitude, which is due to the combination effect of the equilibrium shift and chemical non-equilibrium relaxation. The overall variation of the maximum dissociation is then plotted in the speed and altitude coordinates as a reference for engineering application.     

基于线阵犆犆犇的风浪环境下水面弱流场速度测量方法

风浪环境下对水面弱流场进行测量是波-流作用机理的重要研究手段,对内波、水下地形、漩涡等海洋现象的微波遥感探测有着十分重要的意义。传统的流场测量方法无法在风浪环境下工作,难以应用在对表面弱流场与风生波间相互作用机理的研究中。提出了一种基于线阵电荷耦合组件（Charge-Coupled Device,CCD）的表面弱流场光学测量方法,通过表面波相速度的变化测量表面弱流场速度,其最大优点是工作在风浪环境下不受波浪振动影响。文章用水槽实验中内波激发的表面弱流场来验证此方法的正确性,对实际光学数据进行处理表明表面弱流场速度的测量精度优于0．3 cm/s。所提出的方法可以用于测量风浪环境下表面弱流场并研究流场与风生波之间的相互作用。     

基于SPH的小型飞机水上迫降姿态数值仿真

适航条例中要求飞机必须具备良好的水上迫降性能。早期主要通过试验方法研究飞机的水上迫降性能,但是试验耗资巨大、时间周期长。采用一种新型的数值模拟方法研究飞机水上迫降问题,利用光滑质点流体动力学(SPH)方法模拟三级波浪,建立小型飞机水上迫降模型。考虑到飞机姿态角和起落架收放状态对迫降性能的影响,建立7种计算工况,模拟得到相应的加速度响应和姿态角变化。以飞机在迫降过程中应该受到较小的加速度响应和姿态角变化为依据,通过对比分析计算结果,最终给出12°姿态角、起落架收起为最优迫降状态的结论,为飞机迫降的入水姿态提供技术支持。     

高速风洞运转特性数值模拟

下吹-抽吸式高速风洞的起动和运转对模型测试有重要影响。为分析试验模型和扩压器对风洞起动和运转特性的影响,采用数值模拟方法,使用二维轴对称模型对Φ0.5m高速风洞的流场进行了研究,控制方程为粘性可压缩Navier-Stokes方程。对马赫数5和10两种状态下的流场行了对比,结果表明,试验段基本流态受试验舱静压控制,收集器对流动状态有很大影响。当带模型运转时,试验段内激波结构更为复杂,出现明显溢流,总压损失更大,所需起动压比越大;扩压器平直段直径决定了其静压恢复效率。扩压器平直段直径增大或安装模型时,临界运转压比都会明显增大;且马赫数越大,受到的影响越大。马赫数5带模型起动时,扩压器平直段直径0.5m,气流壅塞,风洞无法启动。无模型时,当平直段直径0.45m,扩压器不能发挥静压恢复作用,风洞运行时间明显缩短。