Fading in the HF ionospheric channel and the role of irregularities

It is well known that the ionosphere affects radio wave propagation especially in the high frequency (HF) range. HF radio waves reflected by the ionosphere can reach considerable distances, often with changes in amplitude, phase, and frequency. The ionosphere is a dispersive in frequency and time, bi-refractive, absorbing medium, in which multipath propagation due to traveling irregularities is very frequent. The traveling irregularities undulate the reflecting ionospheric layer, introducing variations in signal amplitude (fading). In this multipath time variant channel fading is mainly considered, even though it is not the sole effect. Echo signals from a single reflection, as in ionospheric vertical sounding (VIS) techniques, are affected by a certain degree of variability even in quiet ionospheric conditions. In this work the behavior of the ionospheric channel is studied and characterized by observing the power variation of received echoes using the VIS technique. Multipath fading was analyzed quantifying the power variation of the signal echo due to irregularities on a temporal scale from 0.5 to 256 s. An experimental set-up derived from an ionosonde was implemented and the analysis was performed employing a special numerical algorithm operating off-line on the acquired time sequence of the signal. The gain-loss of the irregularity shapes are determined in some special cases.     

Estimating low resolution gravity fields at short time intervals to reduce temporal aliasing errors

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission has been estimating temporal changes in the Earth’s gravitational field since its launch in 2002. While it is not yet fully resolved what the limiting source of error is for GRACE, studies on future missions have shown that temporal aliasing errors due to undersampling signals of interest (such as hydrological variations) and errors in atmospheric, ocean, and tide models will be a limiting source of error for missions taking advantage of improved technologies (flying drag-free with a laser interferometer). This paper explores the option of reducing the effects of temporal aliasing errors by directly estimating low degree and order gravity fields at short time intervals, ultimately resulting in data products with improved spatial resolution. Three potential architectures are considered: a single pair of polar orbiting satellites, two pairs of polar orbiting satellites, and a polar orbiting pair of satellites coupled with a lower inclined pair of satellites. Results show that improvements in spatial resolution are obtained when one estimates a low resolution gravity field every two days for the case of a single pair of satellites, and every day for the case of two polar pairs of satellites. However, the spatial resolution for these cases is still lower than that provided by simply destriping and smoothing the solutions via standard GRACE post-processing techniques. Alternately, estimating daily gravity fields for the case of a polar pair of satellites coupled with a lower inclined pair results in solutions with superior spatial resolution than that offered by simply destriping and smoothing the solutions.     

正态应力和疲劳强度结构可靠性的参数估计

结构可靠性的参数估计是机械可靠性的主要问题之一。强度和应力分别为疲劳寿命变量和正态变量的结构模式是一种较常见的模式。研究这一模式结构可靠性的参数估计问题,给出了疲劳强度和正态应力的两个分布中一个分布参数已知另一个分布参数未知时,结构可靠性的点估计和近似区间估计方法,并用MonteCarlo方法对近似区间估计的可靠性进行了模拟研究。     

欠采样条件下的正弦信号时差估计

针对正弦信号时差估计的多解模糊问题,提出采用多周期取点欠采样和多重相关方法来解决。这种方法可有效降低处理的复杂度,增大时差估计的范围和稳定性,避免噪声及干扰对时差估计的影响,最重要的是它能够适用于高频信号(如雷达、电子战等)的测向、测频等处理,促进这些高频系统的数字化接收机处理的实现。仿真实验证明了算法的性能和优越性。     

基于有限维种子累积序贯估计的PN码快捕算法

提出了一种基于有限维种子累积序贯估计（FSASE，Finite Seed Accumulation of Sequential Estimation）的直接扩频序列快速捕获算法。该算法既能解决SASE算法只能工作在理想情况（不能有多普勒频移，PN码偏等影响）的问题，又能克服RASE算法不能在低信噪比下工作的缺陷。文中采用生成函数流图法推导出了衰落信道下FSASE算法平均捕获时间的闭式解。理论分析和计算机模拟表明，该算法即使在很低的信噪比下也具有优良的性能，并且实现复杂度低，具有工程实用价值。     

一种面向临近空间高超声速再入滑翔目标跟踪算法

针对临近空间高超声速再入滑翔目标的跟踪问题,提出了一种基于回顾成本输入估计的无偏转换量测卡尔曼滤波(Retrospective cost input estimation-unbiased converted measurements Kalman filter, RCIE-UCMKF)。首先,根据再入滑翔目标的飞行特性,将加速度看成是未知的确定输入构建运动学跟踪模型;然后,对目标的非线性量测信息进行无偏转换,并将得到的噪声协方差矩阵进行解耦,降低算法的复杂度;最后,利用回顾成本的输入估计对未知加速度进行重构,采用递推最小二乘法更新输入估计器的参数矩阵,同时将估计的加速度引入到卡尔曼滤波框架下,实现对高超声速再入滑翔目标状态的准确估计。仿真结果表明了该算法的有效性和可行性。     

2种影响相位干涉仪测向的问题分析

针对相位干涉仪测向工程实现中遇到的通道间连接电缆不等长和通道隔离度不够引起同频干扰的问题,从理论上分析这2种影响因素对测向相位差误差的影响,在工程可实现基础上,推导不等长、通道隔离度与相位误差的数学关系,为相位干涉仪设计和通道误差校正提供理论依据.     

基于信源信道联合编码的遥感图像传输

针对遥感应用对图像质量日益提高的需要,提出了一种基于层次树的集合分割算法（SPIHT）和低密度校验（LDPC）码联合编码的遥感图像高质量传输方案。此方案充分利用SPIHT编码后数据流按重要性排序,以及LDPC码的误码率性能与码率和迭代次数密切相关的特性,克服了SPIHT压缩数据流对噪声敏感的缺陷。高斯信道仿真结果表明,在码元噪谱密度比（Eb/N0）较低的情况下,利用此传输方案获得的图像恢复峰值信噪比（PSNR）,比传统的分离编码高7dB以上。     

基于偏振光及重力的辅助定姿方法研究

提出了一种以太阳方向矢量为基准的偏振光导航方法,该方法利用太阳方向矢量物理意义明确的特点,消除了直接利用偏振光进行导航定向时存在的180°模糊性问题。为完全观测载体姿态,同时引入了重力观测量,提出了利用偏振光及重力矢量联合辅助定姿的方法,并详细推导了该方法的观测方程,同时给出了当姿态误差较小时,观测方程的简化线性形式。利用该姿态观测方程,设计了基于偏振光及重力辅助定姿的偏振光/GPS/SINS组合导航算法。理论分析及仿真表明,通过引入偏振光及重力矢量进行辅助定姿,导航系统可以直接观测载体的平台姿态误差,进而增强了系统对载体姿态的估计性能,且使得组合导航系统可以完成大初始姿态误差时的导航任务。     

基于多段差频正弦信号频谱相关的频率估计算法

针对多段差频正弦信号提出一种基于频谱相关的频率估计算法,用以提高低信噪比条件下短时正弦信号的频率估计精度,扩展多段信号融合法的适用范围.首先,设计差频修正矩阵消除各段信号频率不等对频谱融合的影响,使同频化处理后的多段差频正弦信号频谱等同于多段同频正弦信号频谱;其次,构造加权因子消除各段信号相位不连续对频谱分析的影响,使得到的最优加权积累频谱近似于与多段差频正弦信号长度相等的相位连续信号频谱;然后,通过对最优加权积累频谱和多段差频正弦信号累加频谱的相关处理,抑制虚假谱峰和噪声干扰.最后,峰值搜索频谱相关谱,实现频率的精确估计.实验表明与现有算法相比,本文算法估计精度高、抗噪性好、普适性好,特别在低信噪比、短时时宽下性能优良.