Didactic satellite based on Android platform for space operation demonstration and development

Space technology plays a pivotal role in society development. It offers new methods for telemetry, monitoring and control. However, this sector requires training, research and skills development but the lack of instruments, materials and budgets affects the ambiguity to understand satellite technology. The objective of this paper is to describe a demonstration prototype of a smart phone device for space operations study. Therefore, the first task was carried out to give a demonstration for spatial imagery and attitude determination missions through a wireless communication. The smart phone’s Bluetooth was used to achieve this goal inclusive of a new method to enable real time transmission. In addition, an algorithm around a quaternion based Kalman filter was included in order to detect the reliability of the prototype's orientation. The second task was carried out to provide a demonstration for the attitude control mission using the smart phone’s orientation sensor, including a new method for an autonomous guided mode. As a result, the acquisition platform showed real time measurement with good accuracy for orientation detection and image transmission. In addition, the prototype kept the balance during the demonstration based on the attitude control method.     

Drag and energy accommodation coefficients during sunspot maximum

Conditions appropriate to gas-surface interactions on satellite surfaces in orbit have not been successfully duplicated in the laboratory. However, measurements by pressure gauges and mass spectrometers in orbit have revealed enough of the basic physical chemistry that realistic theoretical models of the gas-surface interaction can now be used to calculate physical drag coefficients. The dependence of these drag coefficients on conditions in space can be inferred by comparing the physical drag coefficient of a satellite with a drag coefficient fitted to its observed orbital decay. This study takes advantage of recent data on spheres and attitude stabilized satellites to compare physical drag coefficients with the histories of the orbital decay of several satellites during the recent sunspot maximum. The orbital decay was obtained by fitting, in a least squares sense, the semi-major axis decay inferred from the historical two-line elements acquired by the US Space Surveillance Network. All the principal orbital perturbations were included, namely geopotential harmonics up to the 16th degree and order, third body attraction of the Moon and the Sun, direct solar radiation pressure (with eclipses), and aerodynamic drag, using the Jacchia-Bowman 2006 (JB2006) model to describe the atmospheric density. After adjusting for density model bias, a comparison of the fitted drag coefficient with the physical drag coefficient has yielded values for the energy accommodation coefficient as well as for the physical drag coefficient as a function of altitude during solar maximum conditions. The results are consistent with the altitude and solar cycle variation of atomic oxygen, which is known to be adsorbed on satellite surfaces, affecting both the energy accommodation and angular distribution of the reemitted molecules.     

Development and testing of a statistical texture model for land cover classification of the Black Sea region with MODIS imagery

A statistical model is proposed for analysis of the texture of land cover types for global and regional land cover classification by using texture features extracted by multiresolution image analysis techniques. It consists of four novel indices representing second-order texture, which are calculated after wavelet decomposition of an image and after texture extraction by a new approach that makes use of a four-pixel texture unit. The model was applied to four satellite images of the Black Sea region, obtained by Terra/MODIS and Aqua/MODIS at different spatial resolution. In single texture classification experiments, we used 15 subimages (50 × 50 pixels) of the selected classes of land covers that are present in the satellite images studied. These subimages were subjected to one-level and two-level decompositions by using orthonormal spline and Gabor-like spline wavelets. The texture indices were calculated and used as feature vectors in the supervised classification system with neural networks. The testing of the model was based on the use of two kinds of widely accepted statistical texture quantities: five texture features determined by the co-occurrence matrix (angular second moment, contrast, correlation, inverse difference moment, entropy), and four statistical texture features determined after the wavelet transformation (mean, standard deviation, energy, entropy). The supervised neural network classification was performed and the discrimination ability of the proposed texture indices was found comparable with that for the sets of five GLCM texture features and four wavelet-based texture features. The results obtained from the neural network classifier showed that the proposed texture model yielded an accuracy of 92.86% on average after orthonormal wavelet decomposition and 100% after Gabor-like wavelet decomposition for texture classification of the examined land cover types on satellite images.     

MPI和Pthread混合编程在NCS算法中的设计和实现

根据星载合成孔径雷达（Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR）实时和准实时成像的需求,论文设计和实现了一种混合编程模式的非线性CS（Nonlinear Chirp Scaling, NCS）成像算法。此方法基于SMP（Symmetric Multiprocessing）集群系统,利用MPI（Message Passing Interface）和Pthread混合编程,实现了多进程和多线程的两级流水线并行成像处理。通过在HP刀片系统上的实验验证和结果分析,这种混合编程的流水线NCS并行成像算法既能较好适应前端系统传输一景原始回波数据时间不小于8s的情况,又能较好适应大规模原始回波数据堆积并且等待处理的情况。     

卫星编队队形重构中的模型选择

推导了卫星编队进行燃料最优队形重构时,两组Lawden方程（时间域和真近点角域）下所建立目标函数的数学关系,指出在不需要解析解的情况下,动力学模型应选择时间域下的Lawden方程,目标函数应建立在时间域。首先,分别针对脉冲推力和持续推力机动,研究了两组方程下目标函数的差异。然后,以持续推力式重构方法为例,构造了燃料最优目标函数,基于最大值原理,建立了队形重构的两点边值问题。然后,采用边界迭代法求解初始协态变量,确定最优的控制加速度。最后通过数学仿真验证了模型分析的正确性及算法的有效性。
     

卫星多功能结构技术研究进展

多功能结构技术是实现卫星轻型化、微型化设计的潜在有效技术途径,正逐步成为航空航天结构设计领域的研究热点。本文综述了国内外卫星多功能结构的研究现状和技术进展,对其未来发展进行了分析和展望。     

卫星导航和惯性导航与时间和空间的理论

从卫星导航和惯性导航的测速定位机理分析出发讨论了时间和空间理论的有关基本问题。提供了一种卫星导航的原理完备的观测方程形式,包括惯性和非惯性物理效应。着重讨论了洛伦兹一次项的效应,伽里略变换自然进化到洛伦兹变换,“同地性”的相对性自然导致“同时性”的相对性。从卫星导航的单程光（电磁）信号的特点出发讨论了爱因斯坦“往”和“返”双程光信号定义带来的困惑。指出哈勃红移是超低速度和超大距离的狭义相对论效应验证。用爱因斯坦对惯性质量和引力质量等效原理的论述,论证了惯性导航的理论基础和超过 3×10 8m/s的速度测量机理。     

一种应用三角内插技术的频率估计算法

Rife和Quinn等基于FFT的频率估计算法性能不够稳定,在部分频率点能获得满意的估计效果,但在其它频点估计性能恶化严重。本文将三角内插技术应用于频率估计,提出了一种新的基于FFT的频率估计算法,能够克服他们的缺点,非常适合于低信噪比条件下卫星通信信号的接收。该算法首先用FFT实现频率的粗估,再应用三角内插技术提高估计精度,最后对估计偏差进行修正,保证了估计的无偏性。仿真结果表明该算法能实现非常精确的频率估计,且估计性能不受信号频率的影响,在各频点上估计方差都非常接近克拉美劳界（CRB）,具有很低的工作门限。与时域估计算法相比,相同估计方差条件下该算法运算量低、易于实现。     

静电悬浮加速度计的地面测试与评定方法综述

本综述将静电悬浮加速度计性能指标项目归为五类,阐述了它们与需求的关系,强调了采样率为10SPS、相应的闭环传递函数带宽为3Hz的必要性。指出实验室标定会受到环境振动噪声的干扰,通常的标定方法均不适用,静态标定的首要困难在于准确测定失准角;用专用摆台作动态标定可以大致判断标度因数并观察两台加速度计模型方程各参数的一致性;为了在专用摆台上进行各项性能测试,加速度计检验质量需要在地面重力下悬浮;落塔试验的功用有限,并非加速度计性能指标的量化评定试验;射前检验加速度计噪声采用分析证实的方法,为了降低噪声,必须依靠详尽的理论分析和实验验证,一一找出各种影响因素及其影响程度,采取有力措施,切实加以改进。
     

卫星在轨太阳辐射热流的简化计算方法

针对卫星在轨太阳辐射热流计算过程中计算参数多,计算过程复杂的问题,提出了一种简化的计算方法。该方法在分析卫星、地球和太阳三者之间空间几何关系的基础上,建立了新的计算坐标系,在计算坐标系中对卫星、地球和太阳的位置进行了重新规定,并在此坐标系中推导了卫星太阳辐射热流的计算公式。运用此方法对卫星太阳辐射热流进行分析求解时,轨道参数之间的空间角度关系更为简单,仅需对7个主要参数进行计算,与传统方法相比较计算量减少了约2/3。