A Comparative Study of the Influence of the Active Young Sun on the Early Atmospheres of Earth, Venus, and Mars

Because the solar radiation and particle environment plays a major role in all atmospheric processes such as ionization, dissociation, heating of the upper atmospheres, and thermal and non-thermal atmospheric loss processes, the long-time evolution of planetary atmospheres and their water inventories can only be understood within the context of the evolving Sun. We compare the effect of solar induced X-ray and EUV (XUV) heating on the upper atmospheres of Earth, Venus and Mars since the time when the Sun arrived at the Zero-Age-Main-Sequence (ZAMS) about 4.6 Gyr ago. We apply a diffusive-gravitational equilibrium and thermal balance model for studying heating of the early thermospheres by photodissociation and ionization processes, due to exothermic chemical reactions and cooling by IR-radiating molecules like CO₂, NO, OH, etc. Our model simulations result in extended thermospheres for early Earth, Venus and Mars. The exospheric temperatures obtained for all the three planets during this time period lead to diffusion-limited hydrodynamic escape of atomic hydrogen and high Jeans’ escape rates for heavier species like H₂, He, C, N, O, etc. The duration of this blow-off phase for atomic hydrogen depends essentially on the mixing ratios of CO₂, N₂ and H₂O in the atmospheres and could last from ∼100 to several hundred million years. Furthermore, we study the efficiency of various non-thermal atmospheric loss processes on Venus and Mars and investigate the possible protecting effect of the early martian magnetosphere against solar wind induced ion pick up erosion. We find that the early martian magnetic field could decrease the ion-related non-thermal escape rates by a great amount. It is possible that non-magnetized early Mars could have lost its whole atmosphere due to the combined effect of its extended upper atmosphere and a dense solar wind plasma flow of the young Sun during about 200 Myr after the Sun arrived at the ZAMS. Depending on the solar wind parameters, our model simulations for early Venus show that ion pick up by strong solar wind from a non-magnetized planet could erode up to an equivalent amount of ∼250 bar of O⁺ ions during the first several hundred million years. This accumulated loss corresponds to an equivalent mass of ∼1 terrestrial ocean (TO (1 TO ∼1.39×10²⁴ g or expressed as partial pressure, about 265 bar, which corresponds to ∼2900 m average depth)). Finally, we discuss and compare our findings with the results of preceding studies.     

Galactic Wind: Mass Fractionation and Cosmic Ray Acceleration

The dynamical and chemical effects of the Galactic Wind are discussed. This wind is primarily driven by the pressure gradient of the Cosmic Rays. Assuming the latter to be accelerated in the Supernova Remnants of the disk which at the same time produce the Hot Interstellar Medium, it is argued that the gas removed by the wind is enriched in the nucleosynthesis products of Supernova explosions. Therefore the moderate mass loss through this wind should still be able to remove a substantial amount of metals, opening the way for stars to produce more metals than observed in the disk, by e.g. assuming a Salpeter-type stellar initial mass function beyond a few Solar masses. The wind also allows a global, physically appealing interpretation of Cosmic Ray propagation and escape from the Galaxy. In addition the spiral structure of the disk induces periodic pressure waves in the expanding wind that become a sawtooth shock wave train at large distances which can re-accelerate “knee” particles coming from the disk sources. This new Galactic Cosmic Ray component can reach energies of a few×10¹⁸ eV and may contribute to the juncture between the particles of Galactic and extragalactic origin in the observed overall Cosmic Ray spectrum.     

基于自适应差分进化算法的变循环发动机模型求解方法研究

为了降低传统迭代算法在求解变循环发动机非线性模型时对初值的依赖性,将模型的求解问题转换为求最小值的优化问题,引入差分进化算法进行模型的求解,并提出一种自适应差分进化算法(ADE)。ADE借助轮盘赌选择法,利用种群的进化经验可以自适应的选择最适合当前种群的差分策略与算法控制参数。针对变循环发动机四个典型工作点的模型求解问题,研究了标准差分进化算法(SDE)的控制参数对其性能的影响,获取了SDE在求解四个典型工作点时的最优控制参数组合,对比分析了ADE与SDE的性能差异,最后研究了种群规模对ADE性能的影响。结果表明：SDE在求解发动机模型时具有较好的鲁棒性,在求解不同工作点时算法的最优控制参数并不完全相同;相比于使用最优控制参数的SDE,ADE可以在不影响算法鲁棒性的情况下提升效率50%以上;减少ADE的种群规模会在提升算法效率的同时破坏鲁棒性。     

高温吸波涂层的多目标优化模型设计

大多数高温吸波材料都属于非磁损耗型,单层往往很难达到理想的吸波性能.为解决此问题并优化涂层厚度,通过差分进化算法建立了多层高温吸波涂层的多目标优化模型,重点以8.2～12.4 GHz内反射率RL＜-10 dB频率带宽和涂层总厚度d为优化目标.设定三种高温吸波材料,研究表明,单层涂层很难达到理想的吸波性能;在单目标优化中...     

基于蒙特卡罗方法的冷原子干涉仪物理仿真

由于现有的噪声分析方法无法很好地评估在复杂环境下冷原子干涉仪的输出特性,本文提出了一种新的冷原子干涉仪仿真方法,可以模拟大动态条件下各项噪声及其之间的耦合对冷原子干涉仪的影响。利用单粒子波包演化的处理方式对冷原子干涉仪进行全过程物理建模,并采取蒙特卡罗方法对大量确定初态的原子进行全过程统计,最终得到冷原子干涉仪在多种噪声同时存在的情况下的响应。该方法主要优势体现在能够对噪声耦合情形进行高精度仿真,并且可以根据实际数据对干涉仪输出进行实时处理,以提升冷原子干涉仪的性能指标。     

高超声速飞行器碳基头锥烧蚀外形计算

高超声速飞行器头锥部位的烧蚀外形会影响飞行器的升阻比和飞行器的稳定性,烧蚀外形的准确评估对于长时间滑翔式飞行器的综合设计具有重要意义。本文介绍了头锥烧蚀外形计算方法,基于该方法对飞行器头锥烧蚀外形进行了仿真研究,某飞行器头锥烧蚀的仿真结果与试验结果吻合良好。对比了飞行器进行俯仰运动和滚转运动时的烧蚀外形,总结了烧蚀外形随飞行状态变化的演变规律,俯仰运动影响头锥迎风面和背风面的烧蚀量,滚转运动影响头锥烧蚀位置。     

基于优化智能网络的发动机推力指令模型

针对航空发动机性能退化缓解控制中推力指令模型输入量有限问题,提出1种双智能网络串联的推力指令建模方法.其中子模型Ⅰ采用BP网络映射与推力密切相关的气路参数,其输出作为子模型Ⅱ的输入;子模型Ⅱ采用优化极端学习机(ELM)算法,输出为额定发动机推力,并以此推力为性能蜕化缓解控制指令.为了减小ELM网络规模,提高推力指令模型实时性,采用微分进化算法(DE)优化ELM初始网络参数.数字仿真验证表明:各飞行包线内推力指令模型预测值最大相对误差小于4‰,远优于单一神经网络最大8.17％和单一极端学习机最大14.5％的误差,模型推力指令计算时间仅需0.64ms,实时性好,验证了该推力指令模型的有效性.     

热处理对激光增材制造Ti2AlNb基合金组织及性能的影响

利用激光增材制造技术制备出Ti-22Al-25Nb合金薄壁试样,分析了沉积态和热处理态试样的宏观形貌、相组成和显微组织,以及不同制度热处理态试样的组织和室温拉伸性能.结果表明,沉积态试样相组成沿沉积高度方向呈现由B2+O+α2→B2+O→B2的变化趋势;热处理态试样的微观组织和相组成均匀,由B2、O、α23相组成;经930℃保温2h空冷的固溶处理和800℃保温24h空冷的时效处理后,合金室温拉伸性能好,抗拉强度为1017MPa,断后伸长率为6.0％.     

变循环发动机模态转换建模及控制规律设计方法研究

为了实现变循环发动机快速可靠的模态转换,本文发展了变循环发动机模态转换过渡态模型及控制规律设计方法。在变循环发动机动态数值仿真程序的基础上,针对模态选择阀与涵道引射器这两个模态转换过程中的关键变几何部件,建立了高精度的气流突扩局部损失模型。首次提出了可考虑模态选择阀堵塞对发动机性能影响的模态选择阀堵塞模型,消除了由于模型不精确造成的模态转换参数波动。在建立的变循环发动机数学模型的基础上,提出了基于直接推力控制技术的模态转换控制规律设计方法,考虑了变循环发动机的8个可调参数,采用差分进化算法对模态转换过程进行了优化。结果表明,本文提出的模态转换控制规律设计方法可以实现变循环发动机快速平稳的模态转换,双外涵转单外涵的参数变化规律与单外涵转双外涵的参数变化规律基本类似,推力在0.6秒就稳定在目标推力值,其余参数大多在1.4秒之后才趋于稳定。本文提出的变循环发动机模态转换控制规律设计方法还可应用于常规航空发动机的加/减速过渡态控制规律设计中。     

涡轴发动机发展与技术趋势

首先,对美国20世纪70年代以来各时期涡轴发动机发展规划及其性能演变过程进行了梳理,并分析了不同循环类型及循环参数的选择,进行了性能统计分析。然后,介绍了直升机/发动机一体化设计理论的基础与方法。最后本文提出新一代超低排放涡轴发动机的概念,指出降低总耗油量的同时提高功重比,才能实现超低排放。