航天光学遥感器光学装调技术现状与展望

航天光学遥感器工作于太空中,长期恶劣的空间环境及短暂发射入轨时的状态对光学系统的设计与装调提出了苛刻的要求,确保光学系统在轨像质优异是航天光学遥感器研制的关键技术.文章结合国际上航天光学遥感器的发展需求对光学系统装调技术及发展现状进行了分析、总结,提出了中国后续航天光学遥感器装调与测试技术的突破方向.     

核热推进地面试验技术研究

核热推进具有比冲高、推力大等特点,在载人深空探测和星际货运任务上具有广阔应用前景。核热推进技术的研发需要进行大量地面试验。首先回顾了美国与俄罗斯的核热推进地面试验技术的发展,对地面试验技术进行分类总结。然后基于一种小型核火箭方案,研究了燃料元件非核试验、燃料元件辐照考验试验和带核整机地面试验等关键地面试验技术,并提出了初步试验方案。最后对我国核热推进地面试验的发展提出了一些建议。     

Earth observation from space – The issue of environmental sustainability

Remote sensing scientists work under assumptions that should not be taken for granted and should, therefore, be challenged. These assumptions include the following:1. Space, especially Low Earth Orbit (LEO), will always be available to governmental and commercial space entities that launch Earth remote sensing missions.2. Space launches are benign with respect to environmental impacts.3. Minimization of Type 1 error, which provides increased confidence in the experimental outcome, is the best way to assess the significance of environmental change.4. Large-area remote sensing investigations, i.e. national, continental, global studies, are best done from space.5. National space missions should trump international, cooperative space missions to ensure national control and distribution of the data products.At best, all of these points are arguable, and in some cases, they're wrong. Development of observational space systems that are compatible with sustainability principles should be a primary concern when Earth remote sensing space systems are envisioned, designed, and launched. The discussion is based on the hypothesis that reducing the environmental impacts of the data acquisition step, which is at the very beginning of the information stream leading to decision and action, will enhance coherence in the information stream and strengthen the capacity of measurement processes to meet their stated functional goal, i.e. sustainable management of Earth resources. We suggest that unconventional points of view should be adopted and when appropriate, remedial measures considered that could help to reduce the environmental footprint of space remote sensing and of Earth observation and monitoring systems in general. This article discusses these five assumptions in the context of sustainable management of Earth's resources. Taking each assumption in turn, we find the following:(1) Space debris may limit access to Low Earth Orbit over the next decades.(2) Relatively speaking, given that they're rare event, space launches may be benign, but study is merited on upper stratospheric and exospheric layers given the chemical activity associated with rocket combustion by-products.(3) Minimization of Type II error should be considered in situations where minimization of Type I error greatly hampers or precludes our ability to correct the environmental condition being studied.(4) In certain situations, airborne collects may be less expensive and more environmentally benign, and comparative studies should be done to determine which path is wisest.(5) International cooperation and data sharing will reduce instrument and launch costs and mission redundancy. Given fiscal concerns of most of the major space agencies – e.g. NASA, ESA, CNES – it seems prudent to combine resources.     

Remote upgrading of a space-borne instrument

The main purposes of experiment “Obstanovka” (“Environment” in Russian) consisting of several instruments are to measure a set of electromagnetic and plasma phenomena characterizing the space weather conditions, and to evaluate how such a big and highly energy consuming body as the International Space Station disturbs the surrounding plasma, and how the station itself is charged due to the operation of so many instruments, solar batteries, life supporting devices, etc. Two identical Langmuir electrostatic probes are included in the experiment “Obstanovka”. In this paper the Langmuir probes for “Obstanovka” experiment are described, including the choice of geometry (spherical or cylindrical), a more reliable method for the sweep voltage generation, an adaptive algorithm for the probe’s operation. Special attention is paid to the possibility for remote upgrading of the instrument from the ground using the standard communication channels.     

提高数字器件频率稳定度测量分辨率的研究

提出了一种利用信号时空关系测量相位差来修正差拍周期的方法,并通过实验证明了该方法的正确性和可行性。此方法在提高数字器件频率稳定度测量分辨率方面还有很大的空间,是一种很有潜力的高精度测量技术。     

用纤内Bragg光栅进行动态应变测量的研究

描述了用纤内Bragg光栅进行动态应变测量研究的意义，原理和方法，提出了两种用纤内Bragg光栅动态应变测量时进行Bragg波长偏移量的解调方法；光干涉相位检测Bragg光栅反射波长偏移的解调方法和用DWDM密集波分复用器解调Bragg波长的方法，前者适用于高频宽带动态应变测量，后者适用于有限频率或中等频率响应的动态应变测量。     

光力惯性传感技术研究进展

光力惯性传感技术是利用光子与机械振子的相互作用,通过出射光的动量和角动量的变化实现对振子运动状态的监测,进而实现对其受力（矩）,以及（角）速度、（角）加速度测量的新型惯性传感技术。该技术既有高极限精度的原理优势,又有微型化的技术优势,是惯性传感技术的前沿领域,具有极大的发展潜力。首先介绍了基于光阱系统和微腔系统的两类光力惯性技术,分析了其基本工作原理与物理特征;其次介绍了国内外光力惯性传感器件的研究现状;最后对光力惯性技术的发展特点、国内外差距进行了总结,并给出了我国发展光力惯性传感技术的建议。     

多尺度自适应直接信息采样与重构

现有的直接信息采样(Analog-to-Information Conversion,AIC)方法在压缩感知框架下,将采集和压缩过程融合,但并未充分考虑不同稀疏成分在信号重构当中的地位。针对该不足之处,提出一种多尺度自适应直接信息采样与重构算法。该算法充分考虑小波变换后的高频信号和低频信号在重构中的不同地位,实现速率自适应的直接信息采样。同时,给出变速率采样下的信号重构策略,以解决常规重构算法在速率自适应采样时失效的问题。仿真结果表明,多尺度自适应AIC系统可以获得比传统AIC系统更好的AFSNR性能。     

绝对式恒光源24位光电轴角编码器在光电经纬仪上的应用

为满足某型光电经纬仪的使用要求,设计了某绝对式恒光源 24位光电轴角编码器分系统。该编码器采用 16位绝对式光学码盘,码盘刻划有粗码道、通圈码道、中精码道和精码道。精码道的线对数为 16 384(14位)。方位和高低编码器的处理电路设计在一块电路板上,采用一片 DSP为主机,6个读数头输出 64路码盘光电信号分别经放大整形、A/D转换输入至 DSP。DSP完成数据采集、细分、译码、校正等处理,把轴的转角变换成 24位自然二进制角度代码输出和上传。使用情况表明:该编码器的光机结构布局合理、性能稳定,电路板和元器件少、操作简单、测角精度高,满足某型光电经纬仪对于编码器系统的要求,具有较高的实用价值。     

原子传感用垂直腔面发射激光器研究进展

垂直腔面发射激光器(Vertical-cavity Surface-emitting Laser,VCSEL)是半导体激光器家族中的最重要成员之一,因其具有单纵模、低功耗、光束易整形等一系列独特优势,是多种微型化原子传感器的理想光源。围绕原子传感这一应用需求,国内外多个科研机构和企业对Rb原子和Cs原子传感用VCSEL开展了不同层次的研究,主要对其中的代表性研究进展进行综述。