Is there an abnormal enhancement of atmospheric aerosol before the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake?

There are extensive reports of ionospheric disturbances before the great 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, which are possibly explained by seismogenic electric field hypotheses linked with the aerosols injected in atmosphere. This paper attempts to investigate the possible change of atmospheric aerosol optical depth (AOD) associated with this earthquake by using MODIS data from both Terra and Aqua satellites. The result shows a clear enhancement of AOD along the Longmenshan faults 7 days before the quake, which is 1 day and 4 days earlier than the reported negative and positive ionospheric disturbances, respectively, and is 1 day earlier than or quasi-synchronism with other reported atmospheric anomalies including air temperature, outgoing longwave radiation and relative humidity. Particularly, the spatial distribution of AOD enhancement is very local and it is correlated well with the active faults and surface ruptures. We suggest that this unique enhancement could be associated with the Lithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere coupling process during the preparation of the Wenchuan earthquake.     

Severe disruption of the cytoskeleton and immunologically relevant surface molecules in a human macrophageal cell line in microgravity—Results of an in vitro experiment on board of the Shenzhou-8 space mission

During spaceflight the immune system is one of the most affected systems of the human body. During the SIMBOX (Science in Microgravity Box) mission on Shenzhou-8, we investigated microgravity-associated long-term alterations in macrophageal cells, the most important effector cells of the immune system. We analyzed the effect of long-term microgravity on the cytoskeleton and immunologically relevant surface molecules. Human U937 cells were differentiated into a macrophageal phenotype and exposed to microgravity or 1g on a reference centrifuge on-orbit for 5 days. After on-orbit fixation, the samples were analyzed with immunocytochemical staining and confocal microscopy after landing. The unmanned Shenzhou-8 spacecraft was launched on board a Long March 2F (CZ-2F) rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center (JSLC) and landed after a 17-day-mission. We found a severely disturbed actin cytoskeleton, disorganized tubulin and distinctly reduced expression of CD18, CD36 and MHC-II after the 5 days in microgravity. The disturbed cytoskeleton, the loss of surface receptors for bacteria recognition, the activation of T lymphocytes, the loss of an important scavenger receptor and of antigen-presenting molecules could represent a dysfunctional macrophage phenotype. This phenotype in microgravity would be not capable of migrating or recognizing and attacking pathogens, and it would no longer activate the specific immune system, which could be investigated in functional assays. Obviously, the results have to be interpreted with caution as the model system has some limitations and due to numerous technical and biological restrictions (e.g. 23 °C and no CO₂ supply during in-flight incubation). All parameter were carefully pre-tested on ground. Therefore, the experiment could be adapted to the experimental conditions available on Shenzhou-8.     

APS星敏感器太阳照射影响分析及试验验证

针对APS星敏感器在轨过程中太阳照射问题进行了研究,分析了太阳照射对星敏感器功能和性能的影响,设计了太阳照射相关的试验及验证方案,最后给出了相关试验过程和试验验证结果,明确了分析及试验结论.通过分析和试验结果表明:紫外辐照试验对光学系统透过率无明显影响,且影响在APS星敏感器灵敏度余量范围内;在轨太阳照射对APS星敏感器探测器及整机的功能和性能无影响.相关分析和试验数据可作为星敏感器后续改进设计的依据和参考.     

偏二甲肼液滴燃烧特性及影响因素实验研究

设计了一套密闭环境液滴燃烧实验系统,开展了不同实验工况下偏二甲肼(UDMH)液滴在四氧化二氮(NTO)环境中的着火燃烧实验,详细分析了UDMH单液滴着火燃烧特性,考察了燃烧室温度、压力、液滴初始直径及速度对燃烧过程的影响。结果表明,液滴燃烧经历了初始燃烧阶段,剧烈燃烧阶段和熄燃阶段3个过程。其中,初始燃烧阶段和熄燃阶段的持续时间均较长。燃烧过程中,燃烧火焰呈现出明显的双火焰峰结构,内层为规则的椭圆形分解火焰峰,外层为带有尾迹火焰的扩散火焰峰。增加燃烧室温度促使液滴表面与内部的燃料快速蒸发,形成了充足的燃料蒸气环境,有助于液滴的着火燃烧;燃烧室压力的增加加快了反应速度,减少了液滴生存时间;增大液滴下落速度导致液滴表面蒸发流率得到增强,更易产生足够的燃料蒸气,促进燃烧的进行,从而有助于液滴生存时间的减小。     

空间合作目标运动再现的相似度分析

研究了空间合作目标运动再现的相似度度量方法。首先,给出空间合作目标运动再现轨道姿态变量的缩比因子以及仿真系统相似度的建立要素;其次,建立运动再现的相似度评估指标模型,确定了相似元及其特征变量,给出了相似度的权重构造方法以及相似特征变量相似值的计算方法,并在此基础上提出了相似度的度量公式;最后以航天器圆轨道交会对接最终逼近段地面验证试验为例进行了相似度分析。仿真表明这种分析方法对于试验方案的选择及改进具有指导意义。     

反压条件下Y型喷嘴的变工况试验

针对燃烧室的变工况需求,利用反压试验系统开展了Y型喷嘴变工况试验,获得了喷嘴在不同反压环境下的喷注刚性、平均流速及雾化质量.试验结果表明,在常压环境中,Y型喷嘴通过掺混气体的方式显著改善了低工况下的喷注刚性和雾化效果,喷嘴具有较宽的工况调节范围;在反压环境中,随着反压升高,掺混气体对提高低工况下喷嘴喷注刚性的作用减弱,然而受掺混气体的影响,喷嘴的平均流速和雾化质量明显改善,并且在不同流量工况下获得了良好的一致性.在模拟燃烧室工作时,Y型喷嘴在较宽的流量调节范围内都具有良好的喷注刚性和雾化质量,其有效的流量调节范围远大于直流喷嘴.     

小流量下转静系盘腔传热特性

采用热敏液晶(TLC)瞬态传热实验技术对小流量下的中心进气转静系盘腔传热特性进行研究,介绍了同步触发拍摄系统,考察了流量与转速变化对动盘面传热的影响.结果表明:在所研究工况范围内,流量变化对动盘面中低半径处传热影响较大,对高半径处影响较小;转速升高使动盘面传热效果整体增强;当湍流流动参数较小时,动盘面中高半径区域努塞尔数随半径增大而增大;采用湍流流动参数对动盘面平均努塞尔数进行归纳,实验结果与雷诺相似分析结果的偏差小于15%,一定程度上验证了雷诺相似对转静盘腔传热问题的适用性.      

Experimental investigation of thermal effect on cavitation characteristics in a liquid rocket engine turbopump inducer

The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of water temperature on cavitation characteristics in a turbopump inducer, a series of experiments at different temperatures have been conducted in a newly developed visualization test facility. It is found that higher temperature shows little influence on the non-cavitation performance and breakdown characteristic in the investigated range. The relationship between cavitation development and pressure fluctuation has been discussed in detail. Higher temperature displays a remarkable stabilization effect on the cavitation excited pressure. In particular, the inception cavitation numbers of both the super-synchronous rotating cavitation and synchronous rotating cavitation are decreased at higher temperatures, and the corresponding frequencies are not affected, while the amplitudes are distinctly reduced, and the occurrence range of synchronous rotating cavitation is significantly narrowed. A generalized Rayleigh-Plesset equation has been employed to account for the thermal effect on the bubble development, which may provide a deep insight in understanding the experimental results. Thermal effect is found to act as a remarkable dissipation mechanism to suppress the bubble growth, smooth the collapse. In particular, the excited pressure during collapse is smaller at higher temperatures, which may lead to the stabilization effect of high temperature in this study.     

环境C卫星热系统设计与在轨验证

根据环境C卫星的自身特性, 采用以被动式热控制为主和主动热控制为辅的控制方式, 对环境C卫星进行热系统设计. 通过研究环境C卫星的热控设计原则、热设计状态及已解决的关键问题, 对其在轨飞行温度数据进行了分析. 在轨飞行遥测结果表明, 环境C卫星热控系统方案合理, 工作稳定, 性能良好. 星上设备温度环境很好地满足了设计要求.      

GEO SAR长合成孔径时间弯曲轨迹成像试验

地球同步轨道合成孔径雷达（GEO SAR）具有重访周期短,观测范围广等优点,在军事及民用领域具有重要的应用价值。针对GEO SAR长合成孔径时间弯曲轨迹复杂成像特性,首次提出一种地面演示验证方法,对长合成孔径时间弯曲轨迹下成像可行性进行验证。给出长合成孔径时间弯曲轨迹定量分析过程,提出具体试验方案,最后角反射器成像品质评估结果表明可实现长合成孔径时间弯曲轨迹下目标点成像。