激光推进原理与技术

激光推进是激光技术与航空航天技术同时得到较大发展后，于７０年代初提出来的一种全新的推进方式，激光推进可以同时克服化学推进中自然燃烧极限的限制和核能推进中推力／质量比率低的缺点，可以获得以２００００Ｎ．ｓ／ｋｇ的比推力，推力／质量比率为化学推进的典型值。文中报道了激光推进的基本原理与技术，发展概况，主要问题及应用前景等。     

In orbit performance of butane propulsion system

The present work focuses on the determination of the in orbit performance of the Alsat-1 microsatellite propulsion system. The satellite mass is 90 kg, of which 6.2 kg is the propulsion system dry mass. The system is a butane propulsion system using low power resistojet thruster with 2.3 kg of propellant. The liquefied butane gas was selected due to its higher storage density and safety compared to the other propellants used for microsatellites. The purpose of this paper is the analysis of the firings performed after the launch of the satellite and to evaluate the system specific impulse and thrust level during the system lifetime. A total of 273 firings were performed on the Alsat-1 propulsion system in the period between the end of 2002 and mid 2009, the cumulated firing time is more than 12 h 49 min. The analysis of all the propulsion telemetry data shows that the system provides a total mission delta V of 25.3 m/s which is more than the 10 m/s specified for this mission. Furthermore, the mission average specific impulse and thrust are respectively 99.9 s and 48.8 mN.     

A direct fusion drive for rocket propulsion

The Direct Fusion Drive (DFD), a compact, anuetronic fusion engine, will enable more challenging exploration missions in the solar system. The engine proposed here uses a deuterium–helium-3 reaction to produce fusion energy by employing a novel field-reversed configuration (FRC) for magnetic confinement. The FRC has a simple linear solenoid coil geometry yet generates higher plasma pressure, hence higher fusion power density, for a given magnetic field strength than other magnetic-confinement plasma devices. Waste heat generated from the plasma?s Bremsstrahlung and synchrotron radiation is recycled to maintain the fusion temperature. The charged reaction products, augmented by additional propellant, are exhausted through a magnetic nozzle. A 1 MW DFD is presented in the context of a mission to deploy the James Webb Space Telescope (6200 kg) from GPS orbit to a Sun–Earth L2 halo orbit in 37 days using just 353 kg of propellant and about half a kilogram of ³He. The engine is designed to produce 40 N of thrust with an exhaust velocity of 56.5 km/s and has a specific power of 0.18 kW/kg.     

水烧蚀激光推进性能初步分析

利用所建流场信息与推力信号同步采集的实验系统,开展了水烧蚀激光推进性能实验研究。研究发现,实验中随机出现两种特征差别明显的现象,即水烧蚀和水诱导的空气击穿。对两种现象获得的气蚀空穴发展、推力特征、冲量耦合系数、比冲和能量利用率进行了分析。结果表明,与水诱导空气击穿相比,水烧蚀获得的气蚀空穴发展较快、推力幅值、冲量耦合系数和能量利用率都高约10倍,比冲比较接近。研究结果对于水烧蚀激光推进的发展有重要意义。     

基于模型的故障诊断方法在飞船推进系统中的应用

在飞船推进系统的物理和数学模型的基础上,研究了基于模型的故障诊断方法在飞船推进系统中的应用。该方法是某飞船推进系统状态监测与故障诊断专家系统中的关键技术之一。仿真结果表明,这项技术的提出和应用使得根据系统模型对推进系统的不可预知故障进行监测和诊断成为可能。     

斜流工况下泵喷推进器推进性能数值分析

斜流入水的现象在推进器的运行过程中广泛存在,会对推进器的水动力性能造成不利影响。为了分析斜流工况对泵喷推进器推进效率及流场造成的影响,采用分块网格技术,对泵喷推进器内外流场进行了结构化网格划分。基于RANS 方程,SST k-ω 湍流模型,对不同转速（n=3000,3600,4200r/min）、不同斜流角（β=0°,5°,10°,15°,20°,25°,30°,40°） 的泵喷推进器进行了数值模拟。数值模拟方法通过Ka4-70/19A导管桨进行了验证,计算值与实验值吻合情况良好。研究结果表明,小角度下,斜流角的改变对泵喷推进器的效率影响很小;斜流角大于20°时,斜流角增大将使推进效率明显减少,这是由于泵喷推进器内流场分布不均,出现了水流聚集区和分散区,降低了泵喷推进器的平衡性以及对流体的加速效果;斜流角越大,叶尖间隙对主流影响越大,造成的能量损失越大。     

卫星推进系统温度均衡性控制方法研究

卫星推进系统在轨需要进行温度控制,尤其需要对推进系统的贮箱、管路温度进行合理的控制。针对小卫星、微小卫星热控资源紧张的情况,以及当前的热控设计方法在不同温度环境分布的推进系统应用中存在的温度分布不均的情况,提出了一种优化的推进系统热控设计方法。在常规热控设计方法中考虑测温点最小值的同时,考虑了测温点的最大值因素,并根据最小值、最大值与控温区间的关系确定加热回路的开/关关系。采用本方法在整星热平衡试验中对推进系统进行了温度控制验证。试验结果验证了同时考虑控温区间上限和下限的热控设计方法的可行性和合理性。卫星在轨飞行阶段的推进系统参数验证了该温度控制方法能获得更好的推进系统温度分布均匀性,并保证了工作温度区间上限的裕度。     

水蒸气对非预混燃烧室NO_x排放数值模拟研究

为研究水蒸气的混入对实际工作条件下的涡轮发动机燃烧室流场及NOx排放分布影响,采用Laminar flamelet燃烧模型对不同水蒸气含量下的煤油燃烧进行三维数值模拟。湍流及燃烧模型采用DLR-A湍流非预混射流火焰模型实验进行校验。燃烧室的计算结果表明,水蒸气的混入会减少燃烧室高温火焰燃烧区的尺寸和温度,流场的构型变化不大。通过OH基的组分分布及含量变化分析可知,在本文计算参数范围内,水蒸气会促使燃烧反应向下游移动。在起飞工作条件下,水蒸气进入燃烧室时其组分稀释及热沉为主要作用,化学反应的促进燃烧放热相对较小。当水蒸气的质量分数达到15%时,可减少约95%的NOx排放量。     

An investigation of tip vortices unsteady interaction for Fokker 29 propeller with swirl recovery vane

A numerical study was performed to explore the unsteady interaction between the upstream propeller and the downstream swirl recovery vane (SRV) by transient simulations. Much larger fluctuations of thrust coefficient were observed on the vane, which indicates that the varia-tions of the total efficiency depend mainly on the working performance of the stator. The harmonic loads of the decomposed unsteady blade-surface pressures show that the stator experiences about ten times higher of unsteadiness compared with the rotor. Notable changes appear at the vane lead-ing edge due to the potential disturbance as well as the sweeping effects from the wake of the upstream propeller, whereas more significant unsteadiness occurs at the stator tip region as a result of the interaction between the rotor/stator tip vortices. The visualization of vortex structures addresses that the rotor tip vortex has a dominant effect on the stator tip vortex since the latter one starts right at the impingement location on the vane top in this configuration. Furthermore, a longer and a shorter SRV were investigated based on the original case to explore different inter-action patterns for the rotor/stator tip vortices. Weaker effects have been observed as expected.     

冲击凹柱面靶板的流场结构实验

采用烟线法研究了冲击凹柱面靶板的流场结构。研究中改变冲击雷诺数Re,冲击距-冲击孔直径比H/d以及冲击靶面相对曲率d/D等参数,利用数码摄像机拍摄流场结构随这些参数的变化规律。研究结果表明:上述参数均影响了冲击凹柱面靶板的流场结构,而且影响规律表现出较强的关联性。实验中,随冲击雷诺数Re的增加或冲击距-冲击孔直径比H/d的减小,在冲击滞止区域两侧形成的稳定旋流结构与冲击靶板分离处的圆心角增大,分离推迟;同时在实验中发现冲击靶板的曲率半径和冲击导管直径之间存在一定的匹配关系(d/D)使流体沿壁面运动的距离最长。