Aerospike nozzle contour design and its performance validation

A simplified design and optimization method of aerospike nozzle contour and the results of tests and numerical simulation of aerospike nozzles are presented. The primary nozzle contour is approximated by two circular arcs and a parabola; the plug contour is approximated by a parabola and a third-order polynomial. The maximum total impulse from sea level to design altitude is adopted as objective to optimize the aerospike nozzle contour. Experimental studies were performed on a 6-cell tile-shaped aerospike nozzle, a 1-cell linear aerospike nozzle and a 3-cell aerospike nozzle with round-to-rectangle (RTR) primary nozzles designed by method proposed in present paper. Three aerospike nozzles achieved good altitude compensation capacities in the tests and still had better performance at off-design altitudes compared with that of the bell-shaped nozzle. In cold-flow tests, 6-cell tile-shaped aerospike nozzle and 1-cell linear aerospike nozzle obtained high thrust efficiency at design altitude. Employing gas H₂/gas O₂ (GH₂/GO₂) as propellants, hot-firing tests were carried out on a 3-cell aerospike nozzle engine with RTR primary nozzles. The performance was obtained under two nozzle pressure ratios (NPR) lower than design altitude. Efficiency reached 92.0–93.5% and 95.0–96.0%, respectively. Pressure distribution along plug ramp was measured and the effects of variation in the amount of base bleed on performance were also examined in the tests.     

带喉道注气的轴对称收扩喷管内流场计算研究

通过对带喉道注气控制的轴对称收扩喷管内流场计算研究,分析了喉道注气对喷管内流特性的影响.研究结果表明,相同落压比(NPR)下,随着二次流压比(SPR)的增大,喷管推力系数和流量系数均减小,其中对喷管推力系数的影响低于2%,而对喷管流量系数的影响可超过15%.并在此基础上,分别研究了喷管扩张比和调节片长度对喉道控制效果的影响,得到研究范围内相对较好的喷管计算模型.      

Spray characteristics of jet–swirl nozzles for thrust chamber injector

Thrust chamber injector is very critical component since that small differences in its design can result in dramatically different performance. This paper presents a preliminary investigation of a mono-propellant jet–swirl nozzle for thrust chamber using the existing commercial nozzle made of brass with little modification. The performance of two types of spray pattern, i.e. hollow cone and solid cone were investigated under cold flow test. Two solid cone injectors were studied at various purely axial orifice diameter with all other parameters remaining constant. This investigation reveals that decrease in the breakup length increased the spray angle. Higher injection pressure leads to shorter breakup length and higher value of discharge coefficient, except for hollow cone nozzle which shows mild fluctuating trend. Experimental data also tells that solid cone nozzle with diameter ratio 0.14 has the highest average discharge coefficient (0.60), followed by hollow cone nozzle (0.25). Solid cone nozzle with diameter ratio of 0.1 has an average discharge coefficient of 0.21.     

隔热屏位置对矢量喷管红外特征影响

建立了包括加力燃烧室隔热屏在内的轴对称矢量喷管内外流一体化流场计算模型,重点研究了某涡扇发动机隔热屏位置对矢量喷管扩张段壁温及通过矢量喷管喷口发射的红外辐射强度的影响.结果表明:基于密度求解器求解包含隔热屏在内的矢量喷管内外流一体化的跨声速流场、温度场和质量分数场是成功的;随着隔热屏覆盖喷管收敛段的长度增加,喷管扩张段壁温呈现出先下降而后上升的规律,存在一个最佳的隔热屏位置.最后利用作者提出的离散净辐射法,编制程序计算得到了隔热屏位置对通过喷管喷口发射的红外辐射强度的影响规律.      

Numerical simulation of multi-phase combustion flow in solid rocket motors with metalized propellant

Multi-phase flowfield simulation has been performed on solid rocket motor and effect of multi-phases on the performance prediction of the solid rocket motor(SRM) is investigation.During the combustion of aluminized propellant,the aluminum particles in the propellant melt and formliquid aluminum at the burning propellant surface.So the flow within the rocket motor is multi phase or two phase because it contains droplets and smoke particles of Al2O3.Flowsi mulations have been performed on a large scale motor,to observe the effect of the flowfield onthe chamber and nozzle as well.Uniform particles diameters and Rosin-Rammler diameter distribution method that is based on the assumption that an exponential relationship exists betweenthe droplet diameter,dand mass fraction of droplets with diameter greater thandhave been used for the si mulation of different distribution of Al2O3 droplets present in SRM.Particles sizes in the range of 1-100μm are used,as being the most common droplets.In this approachthe complete range of particle sizes is dividedinto a set of discrete size ranges,eachto be defined by single streamthat is part of the group.Roe scheme-flux differencing splitting based on approxi mate Riemann problem has been used to si mulate the effects of the multi-phase flowfeild.This is second order upwind scheme in which flux differencing splitting method is employed.To cater for the turbulence effect,Spalart-All maras model has been used.The results obtained show the great sensitivity of this diameters distribution and particles concentrations to the SRMflowdynamics,primarily at the motor chamber and nozzle exit.The results are shown with various sizes of the particles concentrations and geometrical configurations including models for SRM and nozzle.The analysis also provides effect of multi-phase on performance prediction of solid rocket motor.     

射流缝对激波诱导矢量喷管三维流场影响的数值模拟

在设计工况下,采用RNGk-ε湍流模型对扩张段不同射流缝几何结构的激波诱导轴对称气动矢量喷管进行了数值模拟。结果表明,流场结构的主要特征是在扩张段有一个主分离涡与一个旋向相反的射流角涡及次流与出口截面之间有一个较大的回流区。周向角,射流缝距出口截面轴向距离和轴向角是射流缝结构优化的三个关键参数,周向角为45°,射流缝距喷管出口截面轴向距离为19 mm,次流注入方向与主流方向相反时产生大的有效矢量角。     

塞式喷管热试实验和数值模拟

以气氢／气氧为推进剂,对三单元直排塞式喷管发动机进行了热试实验和数值模拟研究.介绍了实验系统及实验发动机主要零部件的结构和设计参数,给出了实验参数测量结果、实验照片和数据分析.数值模拟研究了塞式喷管的流场特点,数值预示了实验塞式喷管发动机的高度特性曲线.无再生冷却塞式喷管发动机采用耐烧蚀材料钨渗铜加工内喷管和燃烧室内衬,碳钢材料加工塞锥.使用爆震波点火器点燃多个单元推力室,成功进行了热试实验.在2个压比下获得了塞式喷管性能数据,实验表明,塞式喷管具有良好的高度补偿能力和较高的喷管效率.在C_NPR=50附近,效率达到92％~93.5％;在C_NPR=350附近,效率达到95％~96％.预计在设计点的效率不低于98％.      

线性塞式喷管外流干扰数值计算与冷流试验

采用有限体积法对由塞锥截短率为25%的线性塞式喷管和升力体构成的塞式喷管运载器风洞冷流试验模型进行仿真计算,并结合试验测量结果,研究了不同高度(压比)下外流对线性塞式喷管流场结构和性能的影响.结果表明,外流干扰导致线性塞式喷管内流过膨胀和横向侧流强度增加,并影响塞锥底部气流的受限流动;低空工况下外流的存在造成塞锥壁面和底部压强降低以及运载器底部阻力增加,喷管性能损失较大;高空工况下塞锥壁面和底部的压强已经不再受外流的影响,喷管性能损失较小,主要由运载器底部阻力损失造成.      

喷油嘴喷射方向偏离的影响因素

针对航空发动机润滑系统喷油嘴喷射方向的偏离问题进行研究.首先分析了喷油嘴喷射方向发生偏离的机理,然后通过计算流体动力学(CFD)的方法与软件,建立了喷油嘴喷油过程的三维数值计算模型,对不同入口速度和喷油嘴长径比条件下的喷射方向进行了多组计算与比较,得到了影响喷射方向偏离的因素及其影响规律.研究发现:喷油嘴入口处的径向速度分量导致了喷射方向的偏离,径向速度分量与法向速度分量之比越大,喷油嘴长径比越大,喷射方向偏离程度越大;对已定的喷油嘴入口速度或长径比,能够找到与之匹配的长径比或入口速度,使得喷油方向无偏离.      

拉瓦尔喷管外发生激波反射工况详细分析

平面拉瓦尔喷管的环境压力与入口总压的比值从设计工况到第三极限工况(管口处为正激波)逐渐增大时,喷管外的激波现象不同.根据已知的激波反射理论,将设计工况到第三极限工况间的工作状况进一步细分为强斜激波工况、马赫反射工况、双解区和正规反射工况、并将由气流偏转角所表示的发生正规反射和马赫反射的条件用环境压力与总压的比值来表示,找出了强、弱斜激波的环境压力与总压比值的临界值,得到这些临界值随着喷管面积比的变化趋势.最后针对面积比为5的平面拉瓦尔喷管,由理论分析得到其管外发生正规反射、马赫反射、强斜激波反射时对应的压比分别为:0.0841,0.0959和0.2005,并用数值模拟来验证理论分析的正确性.