Large-eddy simulation:Past,present and the future

Large-eddy simulation(LES) was originally proposed for simulating atmospheric flows in the 1960 s and has become one of the most promising and successful methodology for simulating turbulent flows with the improvement of computing power. It is now feasible to simulate complex engineering flows using LES. However, apart from the computing power, significant challenges still remain for LES to reach a level of maturity that brings this approach to the mainstream of engineering and industrial computations. This paper will describe briefly LES formalism first, present a quick glance at its history, review its current state focusing mainly on its applications in transitional flows and gas turbine combustor flows, discuss some major modelling and numerical challenges/issues that we are facing now and in the near future, and finish with the concluding remarks.     

Effects of trips on the oscillatory flow of an axisymmetric hypersonic inlet with downstream throttle

Experimental investigations are conducted on an axisymmetric hypersonic inlet to evaluate the effects of trips on oscillatory flows. The model exit is throttled with a fixed block to generate oscillatory flows at a freestream Mach number of 6 in a conventional wind tunnel and a shock tunnel. Schlieren imaging and pressure measurements are adopted to record unsteady flow features.Results indicate that trips with a 1 mm thickness prominently suppress external separations, shorten oscillatory cycles, and modify pressure magnitudes. Trips can reduce the upstream movement ranges of separated shocks from nose regions to locations axially 142 mm downstream. The oscillatory cycles are shortened from 3.75 ms to 3.25 ms and from 4 ms to 3.13 ms in two facilities.Tripped cases generally exhibit higher pressure magnitudes than those of untripped cases, of which the increment is up to 21 times the freestream static pressure for the farthest downstream transducer in the shock tunnel. The effects of trips are related to the streamwise vortexes in wake flows, in which interactions between external separations modify the separated flow patterns and enhance the sustainment of the forebody boundary layers to backpressure. Flow processes causing increments of oscillatory frequencies and pressure magnitudes are analyzed, while the flow mechanisms dominating the processes still need to be clarified in the future.     

细长锥体有攻角绕流的非对称分岔及其涡结构的数值模拟

本文用ＮＮＤ格式计算了具有复杂涡结构的细长锥体有攻角绕流问题，着重研究了非对称分离的分岔现象以及分岔前后涡结构的演变，数值计算结果表明，大约在ａ／（２β）＝１．０时，Ｎ－Ｓ方程出现分岔解，同时还给出了分岔前后涡结构及物理最分布的特征。     

绕三角翼旋涡流动的数值模拟

本文通过高清晰度的Ｎ－Ｓ方程数值模拟对绕大后掠三角机翼的旋涡流动结构及旋涡破裂进行了研究,给出了机翼背风面上复杂的旋涡流动结构,绘制了流动横截面上的截面流线。算例的计算采用了隐式近似分解格式。     

船舶涡旋流堵漏桨叶位置与涡旋流形成效果的关系研究

船舶涡旋流堵漏方法是为克服现有堵漏手段存在的不足而提出的一种新技术思想。在自行设计制作了专门实验装置的基础上,分别利用柔性桨叶和刚性桨叶进行了一系列涡旋流堵漏实验,定量研究了桨叶工作位置对破口进水量的影响规律,进而揭示了桨叶位置与涡旋流形成效果的关系。实验结果发现:当桨叶与破口处于同一高度且距离破口越近时,对降低破口进水量的效果越明显,使用于堵漏的时间可延长300%以上。这一结论可为船舶涡旋流堵漏方法的完善提供必要的理论基础和实验依据。     

Recent progress in time–distance helioseismology

Time–distance helioseismology is one of the local helioseismology techniques that are used to derive the interior properties of the Sun. It has been used to study the structures and flow fields beneath sunspots on local scales, as well as used to derive interior rotational rates and meridional flow velocities on global scales. In addition to the efforts in improving time–distance measurements and inversions, theoretical modeling is also carried out to enhance the accuracy of sensitivity kernels. Recently, by use of realistic numerical simulation on solar convection, we have also started to investigate the validity of time–distance studies.     

两相湍流的非线性k-ε-kp模型

由两相湍流的代数应力模型，提出一种两相湍流的非线性k-ε-kp模型，可以合理地模拟各向异性较强的旋流，浮力流等两相流动，具备二阶矩模型的优点，又比二阶矩模型简单。文中推导出气相、颗粒相的雷诺应力和两相脉动速度关联的非线性应力应变关系式。这些代数式和两相各自的湍动能k，kp以及两相脉动关联湍动能kpg的方程联立，就构成非线性k-ε-kp模型。本文将该模型用于模拟突扩湍流两相流动，给出两相时均速度场及雷诺应力各分量，并且将模拟结果和PDPA实验数据以及二阶矩模型的模拟结果对照。结果表明，该模型预报各向异性两相湍流的能力和二阶矩模型的能力接近，但是计算量比二阶矩模型的小得多。     

Numerical simulations of high enthalpy flows around entry bodies

Ablation flows around entry bodies are at highly nonequilibrium states. This paper presents comprehensive computational fluid dynamics simulations of such hypersonic flow examples.The computational scheme adopted in this study is based on the Navier–Stokes equations, and it is capable of simulating multiple-dimensional, non-equilibrium, chemically reacting gas flows with multiple species. Finite rate chemical reactions, multiple temperature relaxation processes, and ionizations phenomena with electrons are modeled. Simulation results of several hypersonic gas flows over axisymmetric bodies are presented and compared with results in the literature. It confirms that some past treatment of adopting less species for hypersonic flows is acceptable, and the differences from more species and more chemical reactions are not significant.     

X探针旋转法测量风力灭火流场的实验研究

用二维恒温风速仪及Ｘ探针旋转法对风力灭火机出口三维撞击射流流场进行了实验，完成了渐缩圆形喷口射流以不同角度撞击到板上的三维流场的速度、湍流度及雷诺应力测试，经过适当的数据处理和结果分析，得出风力灭火机宜取２０℃以下喷射角为佳。     

气动物理地面模拟试验相似律

依据流动子过程特征量分析方法 ,导出了高超声速化学反应流动的相似律。将得到的相似律应用于气动物理地面模拟试验 ,给出了确定地面模拟试验条件的相似准则 ,分析了地面模拟试验中需要进一步解决的其它基础理论问题。