转变法律教育观念培养合格法律人才

法律是科学的观念长期以来给法律教学模式带来深刻影响。当今社会发展，这种理念使法律教育弊端重重并与现实生活格格不入。法律非科学，法律是技术与艺术的结合，应当成为我们转变法律教育观念和法律教育模式改革的方向。     

Plant mineral nutrition,gas exchange and photosynthesis in space: A review

Successful growth and development of higher plants in space rely on adequate availability and uptake of water and nutrients, and efficient energy distribution through photosynthesis and gas exchange. In the present review, literature has been reviewed to assemble the relevant knowledge within space plant research for future planetary missions. Focus has been on fractional gravity, space radiation, magnetic fields and ultimately a combined effect of these factors on gas exchange, photosynthesis and transport of water and solutes.     

基于两步优化策略的结构网格负载平衡

国家数值风洞（NNW）工程旨在发展完全自主知识产权的计算流体力学（CFD）软件,结构网格负载平衡问题研究是该工程中的一个重要组成部分。本文发展了两步优化策略以求解结构化网格的负载平衡问题。第1步优化采用传统的贪婪算法,完成对大块网格的剖分和以进程计算时间为指标的网格块分配;第2步采用遗传算法（GA）,目标函数兼顾进程计算时间和通信时间,在第1步优化结果的基础上,对网格块在进程上的分配开展二次优化。为准确计算GA的目标函数,构建了一套计算时间和通信时间的建模方法,包括样本生成、模型建立和模型验证,整体方法具有一定的通用性。根据负载平衡问题以及两步优化策略的特点,对GA的编码、交叉、变异和种群初始化进行了研究,详细分析了交叉操作的递归问题及解决方法。算例验证说明建立的进程计算时间和通信时间模型具有较高的计算精度,能够用于GA的目标函数计算;两步优化策略能够在第1步优化的基础上进一步改善优化结果,从而减少CFD问题的整体计算时间,对于计算量巨大的工程问题具有较大的实用价值。     

月球着陆器软着陆冲击仿真

为提高分析月球着陆器软着陆有效载荷着陆冲击响应的准确性,提出一种基于瞬态动力学的着陆器有效载荷软着陆冲击响应分析方法.根据着陆器全机结构柔性和月壤柔性对有效载荷着陆冲击响应的影响,参照某型着陆器,于MSC.PATRAN环境中建立着陆器全机柔性体模型及月壤柔性体模型,运用瞬态动力学仿真软件MSC.DYTRAN对着陆器软着陆有效载荷着陆冲击响应特性进行了仿真研究.仿真结果与试验结果具有一定的一致性.研究结果表明:使用该方法分析着陆器软着陆有效载荷的着陆冲击响应是准确有效的,能够比较逼真地模拟月球着陆器实际着陆工况.     

冰灾对车八岭山地常绿阔叶林区系和群落的影响

研究了2008年年初南方冰雪冻雨灾害对车八岭常绿阔叶林不同区系的冠层植被所造成的影响.结果显示,研究样地内温带分布的乔木受损比例高于热带分布的乔木受损比例.X~2检验说明不同区系间的冠层乔木个体受损比例差异显著(P<0.01);东亚分布及其变型受损个体比例最小,热带亚洲至热带非洲分布及变型、东亚和北美间断分布及其变型、热带亚洲分布及其变型受损个体比例较大.冠层乔木都以重度受损为主,中度受损和轻度受损个体数都远小于前者.CCA多元分析显示,株数密度、平均胸高断面积、坡度、海拔各自对不同物种的受损乔木的分布有显著影响(Monte Carlo test,P=0.010 0).优势种米槠Castanopsis carlesii受损植株的分布与群落的平均胸高断面积显著正相关;亚优势种栲Castanopsis fargesii、鸭公青Neolitsea chuii、尾尖叶柃Eurya acuminata受损植株的分布与坡度显著负相关;亚优势种荷木Schima superb与海拔显著正相关.总之,在相同的生境中能够占据林冠优势层的区系类型往往受灾更严重.     

NMD中导弹预警卫星系统的发展

介绍了美国国家导弹防御系统(NMD)的核心——导弹预警卫星系统自1959年以来的发展和未来趋势，详细阐述了国防支援计划(DSP)与天基红外预警卫星系统(SBIRS)的进展，并探讨了未来美国国家弹道导弹防御计划中导弹预警系统的组成和功能。     

Severe disruption of the cytoskeleton and immunologically relevant surface molecules in a human macrophageal cell line in microgravity—Results of an in vitro experiment on board of the Shenzhou-8 space mission

During spaceflight the immune system is one of the most affected systems of the human body. During the SIMBOX (Science in Microgravity Box) mission on Shenzhou-8, we investigated microgravity-associated long-term alterations in macrophageal cells, the most important effector cells of the immune system. We analyzed the effect of long-term microgravity on the cytoskeleton and immunologically relevant surface molecules. Human U937 cells were differentiated into a macrophageal phenotype and exposed to microgravity or 1g on a reference centrifuge on-orbit for 5 days. After on-orbit fixation, the samples were analyzed with immunocytochemical staining and confocal microscopy after landing. The unmanned Shenzhou-8 spacecraft was launched on board a Long March 2F (CZ-2F) rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center (JSLC) and landed after a 17-day-mission. We found a severely disturbed actin cytoskeleton, disorganized tubulin and distinctly reduced expression of CD18, CD36 and MHC-II after the 5 days in microgravity. The disturbed cytoskeleton, the loss of surface receptors for bacteria recognition, the activation of T lymphocytes, the loss of an important scavenger receptor and of antigen-presenting molecules could represent a dysfunctional macrophage phenotype. This phenotype in microgravity would be not capable of migrating or recognizing and attacking pathogens, and it would no longer activate the specific immune system, which could be investigated in functional assays. Obviously, the results have to be interpreted with caution as the model system has some limitations and due to numerous technical and biological restrictions (e.g. 23 °C and no CO₂ supply during in-flight incubation). All parameter were carefully pre-tested on ground. Therefore, the experiment could be adapted to the experimental conditions available on Shenzhou-8.     

国家数值风洞(NNW)工程中的黏性自适应笛卡尔网格方法研究进展

相比传统的结构和非结构网格,笛卡尔网格具有自动化和高质量兼顾的优势,是未来网格技术发展的重要方向。面向笛卡尔网格生成软件开发需求,依托国家数值风洞（NNW）工程,介绍了黏性自适应笛卡尔网格技术相关课题的研究工作进展,重点从网格生成技术、自适应方法、黏性物面边界处理方法等方面展开。网格生成技术方面,基于全线程树数据结构的思想,开展了叉树数据结构的优化;针对物面离散单元信息的快速检索,构建了稳定、平衡、高效的叉树式物面网格数据结构;对于网格单元类型的判断,发展了染色方法和包围盒方法以提高效率;针对大规模网格量,发展了高性能并行计算技术。自适应技术方面,发展了基于几何特征和流场解特征的自适应方法,建立了流场结构捕捉判据,并开展了三维复杂构型的应用;为了降低全局网格规模,发展了各向异性自适应方法,构建了各向异性特征识别的综合判据;发展了边界层法向射线加密技术,以减少边界层内的网格数目。物面边界处理方面,发展了重叠笛卡尔网格方法,构建了重叠网格尺度匹配技术和数据交互方法;开展了壁面函数方法在笛卡尔网格框架下的适应性应用,以放宽壁面网格尺度限制、降低边界层网格规模,并通过典型算例验证了方法的可靠性。     

Best practices for model-based and simulation-aided engineering of power transmission and motion control systems

This paper deals with the modelling and simulation of aircraft systems, in particular for power transmission and control. It is intended to review, propose and disseminate best practices for making model-based/simulation-aided engineering more efficient at any phase of the system life cycle. The proposals are aimed at creating value, not only by increasing the performance of the product under study but also by shortening the time to market, capitalizing knowledge, mitigating risks and facilitating concurrent engineering. The needs associated with the engineering activities are firstly identified to define a set of requirements for the models. Then, these requirements are used to drive the considerations leading to model development, focusing in particular on the process, modelled physical effects, modelling level, model architecting and concurrent engineering. The third part deals with the model implementation, giving special consideration to the different types of models, causalities, parameterization, implementation and verification. Each part is illustrated by examples related to safety critical actuators.     

基于WPF的遥测CAS信息实时监控系统设计开发

在当前试飞模式下,立足于某型客机机组告警系统(Crew Alerting System,简称CAS)信息复杂、重构平台单一等不足,设计了一套CAS信息实时监控系统。系统基于WPF(Windows Presentation Foundation,简称WPF)框架,采用数据访问层、业务逻辑层和显示层组合的典型三层架构,以遥测脉冲编码调试(Pulse Code Modulation,以下简称PCM)数据为输入,结合DataBinding数据驱动模型和XAML等技术实现了CAS信息的实时解析、传输、分发及显示。同时,极大地降低了系统间的耦合性,提高了实时性能和系统的可维护性。通过滑行、首飞等试验的充分验证,系统实现了该型客机CAS信息的100%地面复现,为后续民机试飞测试、监控技术的创新提供了参考依据。