嫦娥一号卫星热控设计中热管的应用及验证

为克服由于月球热环境的特殊性给热控设计带来的困难,尤其是卫星度过月食的极端状态条件,首次采用了舱外两舱热耦合热管、相变材料热管技术,为最终嫦娥一号卫星热控状态满足总体的技术要求发挥了关键作用。由于两舱热耦合技术的采用,两舱的热能量得到了相互补偿,因此减少了整星散热面,减少了热补偿功率需求,提高了月食结束时蓄电池的温度,使热控技术方案成为相对优化的方案。文章对热管技术在嫦娥一号卫星热控设计中的应用进行了总结,并给出了热分析及热平衡。     

CAS-1 lunar soil simulant

Lunar soil simulant is a geochemical reproduction of lunar regolith, and is needed for lunar science and engineering researches. This paper describes a new lunar soil simulant, CAS-1, prepared by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, to support lunar orbiter, soft-landing mission and sample return missions of China’s Lunar Exploration Program, which is scheduled for 2004–2020. Such simulants should match the samples returned from the Moon, all collected from the lunar regolith rather than outcrops. The average mineral and chemical composition of lunar soil sample returned from the Apollo 14 mission, which landed on the Fra Mauro Formation, is chosen as the model for the CAS-1 simulant. Source material for this simulant was a low-Ti basaltic scoria dated at 1600 years from the late Quaternary volcanic area in the Changbai Mountains of northeast China. The main minerals of this rock are pyroxene, olivine, and minor plagioclase, and about 20–40% modal glass. The scoria was analyzed by XRF and found to be chemically similar to Apollo 14 lunar sample 14163. It was crushed in an impact mill with a resulting median particle size 85.9 μm, similar to Apollo soils. Bulk density, shear resistance, complex permittivity, and reflectance spectra were also similar to Apollo 14 soil. We conclude that CAS-1 is an ideal lunar soil simulant for science and engineering research of future lunar exploration program.     

Fast solar radiation pressure modelling with ray tracing and multiple reflections

Physics based SRP (Solar Radiation Pressure) models using ray tracing methods are powerful tools when modelling the forces on complex real world space vehicles. Currently high resolution (1?mm) ray tracing with secondary intersections is done on high performance computers at UCL (University College London). This study introduces the BVH (Bounding Volume Hierarchy) into the ray tracing approach for physics based SRP modelling and makes it possible to run high resolution analysis on personal computers. The ray tracer is both general and efficient enough to cope with the complex shape of satellites and multiple reflections (three or more, with no upper limit). In this study, the traditional ray tracing technique is introduced in the first place and then the BVH is integrated into the ray tracing. Four aspects of the ray tracer were tested for investigating the performance including runtime, accuracy, the effects of multiple reflections and the effects of pixel array resolution.Test results in runtime on GPS IIR and Galileo IOV (In Orbit Validation) satellites show that the BVH can make the force model computation 30–50 times faster. The ray tracer has an absolute accuracy of several nanonewtons by comparing the test results for spheres and planes with the analytical computations. The multiple reflection effects are investigated both in the intersection number and acceleration on GPS IIR, Galileo IOV and Sentinel-1 spacecraft. Considering the number of intersections, the 3rd reflection can capture $99.12\%\text{,}99.14\%$, and $91.34\%$ of the total reflections for GPS IIR, Galileo IOV satellite bus and the Sentinel-1 spacecraft respectively. In terms of the multiple reflection effects on the acceleration, the secondary reflection effect for Galileo IOV satellite and Sentinel-1 can reach 0.2?$\text{nm}/{\text{s}}^2$ and 0.4?$\text{nm}/{\text{s}}^2$ respectively. The error percentage in the accelerations magnitude results show that the 3rd reflection should be considered in order to make it less than $0.035\%$. The pixel array resolution tests show that the dimensions of the components have to be considered when choosing the spacing of the pixel in order not to miss some components of the satellite in ray tracing. This paper presents the first systematic and quantitative study of the secondary and higher order intersection effects. It shows conclusively the effect is non-negligible for certain classes of misson.     

Operation and Application of A, B Satellites for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Forecasting

Environment and disaster monitoring and forecasting small satellite constellation A and B satellites (HJ-1-A, B) are called "environment and disaster reduction satellites A and B' for short. The constellation adopts a 10:30 LT sun-synchronous circular orbit, with orbit altitude of 649 km. HJ-1-A and HJ-1-B are distributed with a phase difference of 180o in the same orbital plane, so as to enhance the time resolution of earth observation. The satellites have orbit maintenance capability, the lifetime is 3 years. Both satellites adopt CAST968 platforms. Two wide-coverage multispectral CCD cameras with resolution 30 m and width 700 km, a super-spectral imager with resolution 100 m and width 50 km as well as a data transmission subsystem of 120 Mbit/s are deployed on HJ-1-A, which also carries Ka communication testing equipment of Thailand. HJ-1-B has two wide-coverage multispectral CCD cameras (the same as satellite A), one infrared camera with resolution 150 m and width 720 km and a data transmission subsystem of 60 Mbit/s. The coverage period of the wide-coverage multispectral CCD camera is 48 hours. The revisit period of super-spectral imager is 96 hours and the coverage period of infrared camera is 96 hours.      

自动化测试系统在环境减灾-1A、1B卫星中的应用

在环境减灾-1A、1B（HJ-1A、1B）卫星的研制中,双星并行电性能综合测试是一个非常复杂和细致的过程,为此应用了卫星自动化测试系统,实现了测试信息的集中管理、测试数据的综合利用和测试流程的自动化,提高了测试工作的效率和质量。文章介绍HJ-1A、1B双星并行自动化综合测试系统,主要阐述测试实时数据库、自动化测试控制台、参数自动化监视软件等。     

偏置动量小卫星抗干扰能力分析与验证

环境减灾-1A、1B（HJ-1A、1B）卫星和海洋-1B（HY-1B）卫星是三颗偏置动量小卫星,均采用偏置动量轮控制和磁力矩器控制,其姿态控制系统具有较强的抗干扰能力。文章对该卫星的抗干扰能力进行了分析和仿真,并根据在轨运行数据给出了验证结果,表明控制系统具有一定的控制精度和稳定性。     

固体火箭发动机动力相似准则研究

本文以小发动机模拟大发动机为目标，探讨固体火箭发动机的动力相似准则，首先把动力相惟问题归结为燃烧室，喷管一体化流动的相似问题，通过对全三维Ｎ－Ｓ方程所进行的无量纲化分析，在几何相似的前提下，得到固体火箭发动机动力的流上似准则，再通过对控制方程的单值性条件所进行了无量纲化分析，得到了在初始状相似条件下的燃速相似准则；另外还得到了飞行条件相似、燃烧温度相似以及普朗特数相等。并进一步对这些准则进行了分析     

基于嫦娥一号高能粒子数据的地球磁层屏蔽效应研究

月球绕地球运行轨道约有1/4位于地球磁层内,因此,地球磁层是否会为月球轨道附近高能粒子提供足够的磁场屏蔽对于探索月球活动具有重要影响.嫦娥一号是中国首颗绕月人造卫星,其绕月飞行的工作轨道距离月球表面200 km.通过对嫦娥一号高能粒子探测器(HPD)的探测数据进行分析,比较了当月球位于地球磁层内外6个不同能道(能量范围4～400 MeV)时质子通量的变化,发现当月球位于地球磁层内时,这些能道的质子通量并没有发生显著减少,结果表明地球磁层不能为月球轨道附近高能粒子提供显著的磁屏蔽.     

TC-1和Cluster对向阳侧磁层顶通量传输事件的联合观测研究

2004年2至4月期间,探测一号(TC-1)卫星和Cluster卫星有25次同时处在向阳侧磁层顶附近的磁鞘内,TC-1卫星在低纬区,Cluster卫星在中高纬区.利用这一期间两卫星探测到的27个通量传输事件(FTE),分析行星际磁场(IMF)横向分量BT={By,Bz}对磁层顶重联发生位置的影响,以及分量重联的观测事实,得到如下主要结果.(1)当IMF南向分量Bz占优势(|Bz|＞|By|)时,FTE大多(约占87.5%)能在低纬观测到,而当IMF By分量占优势(|Bz|＜|By|)时,则FTE大部分能在中高纬观测到(占84.2%);(2)很少观测到相关联的事件(关联事件指在低纬生成的FTE,向高纬运动中先后被TC-1卫星和Cluster卫星探测到的事件),表明在低纬形成的FTE可能大多沿磁层顶两侧滑向磁尾,只有少数可能运动到高纬地区;(3)中纬地区探测到的FTE大多是以分量重联方式产生于该区,而非来自磁赤道附近成对形成的FTE.      

基于威布尔分布的CFM56-5B发动机风扇润滑间隔调整方法

分析了发动机产生振动的原因,得出风扇叶片润滑是降低发动机振动水平的最有效方法;基于运行数据使用Minitab工具建模,获得润滑后高振动事件的威布尔分布函数,并得到高振动事件概率,结合安全、成本因素等得出最优润滑间隔;通过机队实践,证明了该方法的有效性。