PEM水电解技术在航天上的应用现状与发展趋势

介绍了质子交换膜(PEM)水电解技术的特点及其在国内外航天领域的应用现状,在分析空间任务的发展趋势,以及能源、动力、环境控制与生命保障系统需求变化的基础上,认为在未来载人航天任务中,能源、动力、生保物质互用的解决方法是摆脱依赖地面支持、实现自主和可持续保障的最优途径,并指出了PEM水电解技术作为实现这一技术途径的关键环节所面临的挑战。     

Effects of long-term low atmospheric pressure on gas exchange and growth of lettuce

The objectives of this research were to determine photosynthesis, evapotranspiration and growth of lettuce at long-term low atmospheric pressure. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Youmaicai) plants were grown at 40 kPa total pressure (8.4 kPa _pO₂$p_{{\text{O}}_2}$) or 101 kPa total pressure (20.9 kPa _pO₂$p_{{\text{O}}_2}$) from seed to harvest for 35 days. Germination rate of lettuce seeds decreased by 7.6% at low pressure, although this was not significant. There was no significant difference in crop photosynthetic rate between hypobaria and ambient pressure during the 35-day study. The crop evapotranspiration rate was significantly lower at low pressure than that at ambient pressure from 20 to 30 days after planting (DAP), but it had no significant difference before 20 DAP or after 30 DAP. The growth cycle of lettuce plants at low pressure was delayed. At low pressure, lettuce leaves were curly at the seedling stage and this disappeared gradually as the plants grew. Ambient lettuce plants were yellow and had an epinastic growth at harvest. The shoot height, leaf number, leaf length and shoot/root ratio were lower at low pressure than those at ambient pressure, while leaf area and root growth increased. Total biomass of lettuce plants grown at two pressures had no significant difference. Ethylene production at low pressure decreased significantly by 38.8% compared with ambient pressure. There was no significant difference in microelements, nutritional phytochemicals and nitrate concentrations at the two treatments. This research shows that lettuce can be grown at long-term low pressure (40 kPa) without significant adverse effects on seed germination, gas exchange and plant growth. Furthermore, ethylene release was reduced in hypobaria.     

动量轮卸载在改进GEO卫星东西轨道保持中的应用

空间外干扰力矩会使在轨GEO三轴卫星动量轮转速发生周期性变化,因此需要进行动量轮卸载。通过对卸载前后卫星轨道根数的比较,发现动量轮卸载可以延长卫星实际的东西轨道保持周期。以动量轮卸载有利卫星轨道保持为研究目的,通过计算和分析,推导出动量轮卸载时转速变化与卫星半长轴变化关系的数学模型,并以实际测量数据为基础,对模型进行了仿真验证,证明了动量轮卸载对改进GEO卫星东西轨道保持的可行性,提出了一种利用动量轮卸载改进GEO卫星东西轨道保持策略的新方法。     

Uncertainties in gravity wave parameters,momentum fluxes,and flux divergences estimated from multi-layer measurements of mesospheric nightglow layers

Measurements of dynamic parameters of atmospheric gravity waves, mainly the vertical wavelength, the momentum flux and the momentum flux divergence, are affected by large uncertainties crudely documented in the scientific literature. By using methods of error analysis, we have quantified these uncertainties for frequently observed temporal and spatial wave scales. The results show uncertainties of ～10%, ～35%, and ～65%, at least, in the vertical wavelength, momentum flux, and flux divergence, respectively. The large uncertainties in the momentum flux and flux divergence are dominated by uncertainties in the Brunt-Väisälä frequency and in spatial separation of the nightglow layers, respectively. The measured uncertainties in fundamental wave parameters such as the wave amplitude, intrinsic period, horizontal wavelength, and wave orientation are ～10% or less and estimated directly from our nightglow image data set. Other key environmental quantities such as the scale height and the Brunt-Väisälä frequency, frequently considered as constants in gravity wave parameter estimations schemes, are actually quite variable, presenting uncertainties of ～4% and ～9%, respectively, according to the several solar activity and seasonal atmosphere scenarios from the NRLMSISE-00 model simulated here.     

方框图化简中相加点和分支点互换方法探讨

简化控制系统方框图常用的方法有方框图等效变换法和Mason公式法。对于复杂系统的方框图，用Mason公式法求解控制系统的传递函数，这个过程较为繁琐，易于出错。基于此，探讨了相加点和分支点互换的移动方法以及使用步骤，并通过实例论证其简单可行，具有较强的实用性。     

单星无源探测弹道导弹射向估计新方法

天基预警系统是国家战略预警系统的重要组成部分,而单星探测预警是天基预警系统发展必经历程和重要环节,传统方法基于标准弹道模板先验信息支持,但标准弹道模板信息难以获取,无法实际应用.本文主要讨论在没有标准弹道模板先验信息支持的情况下,单颗预警卫星能否及早给出导弹射向估计的问题.通过建立弹道导弹飞行的动量模型和弹道平面切割模型,本文提出了基于单颗预警卫星观测视线对来袭导弹射向的估计算法,回答了单颗预警卫星观测情况下如何给出射向信息的问题,仿真计算结果表明,本文方法对于引导地基预警系统具有较高的精度和实用价值,本文方法亦可应用于各类单站无源探测(预警雷达,中低轨、大椭圆预警卫星等)的方位信息估计与空间目标机动的识别等问题.     

X-Rays From Mars

X-rays from Mars were first detected in July 2001 with the satellite Chandra. The main source of this radiation was fluorescent scattering of solar X-rays in its upper atmosphere. In addition, the presence of an extended X-ray halo was indicated, probably resulting from charge exchange interactions between highly charged heavy ions in the solar wind and neutrals in the Martian exosphere. The statistical significance of the X-ray halo, however, was very low. In November 2003, Mars was observed again in X-rays, this time with the satellite XMM-Newton. This observation, characterized by a considerably higher sensitivity, confirmed the presence of the X-ray halo and proved that charge exchange is indeed the origin of the emission. This was the first definite detection of charge exchange induced X-ray emission from the exosphere of another planet. Previously, this kind of emission had been detected from comets (which are largely exospheres) and from the terrestrial exosphere. Because charge exchange interactions between atmospheric constituents and solar wind ions are considered as an important nonthermal escape mechanism, probably responsible for a significant loss of the Martian atmosphere, X-ray observations may lead to a better understanding of the present state of the Martian atmosphere and its evolution. X-ray images of the Martian exosphere in specific emission lines exhibited a highly anisotropic morphology, varying with individual ions and ionization states. With its capability to trace the X-ray emission out to at least 8 Mars radii, XMM-Newton can explore exospheric regions far beyond those that have been observationally explored to date. Thus, X-ray observations provide a novel method for studying processes in the Martian exosphere on a global scale.     

物价的微分方程模型的定性研究

通过供给、需求、物价三个量的关系建立了三个物价的微分方程模型：物价的线性微分方程模型(Ⅰ)、(Ⅱ)，物价的非线性微分方程模型(Ⅲ)。物价是影响供给、需求的主要因素，当出现经济不平衡现象时，不论通货膨胀供不应求，还是过剩供给都要采取相应的经济措施，以均衡价格。此三个微分方程模型，是就不同的经济环境引入的，用微分方程定性理论的方法做定性研究，有助于对各种经济环境的分析。     

管道惯性测量系统散热仿真分析

基于FLUENT商用软件建立了在60℃高温油内使用的管道惯性测量系统的传热数值模型,模拟了系统在自然对流、不同风冷强制对流和不同热辐射系数下散热的温度分布,分析了风扇布置、空气流量及结构件表面热辐射系数对系统温度分布的影响.通过仿真分析取得了系统有效的散热配置,试验验证结果与仿真计算情况基本吻合,两者相差1.1％.     

Stability-based SDRE controller for spacecraft momentum management

Momentum management of spacecraft aims to avoid the angular momentum accumulation of control momentum gyros through real-time attitude adjustment. An attitude control/momentum management controller based on state-dependent Riccati equation is developed for attitude-stabilized spacecraft. The governing equations of the system are formulated as three-axis coupled with full moment of inertia, which fully capture the nonlinearity of the system and are valid for systems with significant products of inertia or strong pitch to roll/yaw coupling. The state-dependent Riccati equation algorithm brings the nonlinear system to a linear structure having state dependent coefficients matrices and minimizing a quadratic-like performance index. The system equations are nondimensionalized, which avoid numerical problems at the same time make the weighting matrix more predictable. To guarantee closed-loop system stability, the state-dependent Riccati equation algorithm is also modified based on pole placement technique. The state-dependent Riccati equation is online calculated through the computational-efficient θ-D technique which reaches a tradeoff between control optimality and computation load. The dynamic characteristics of the system at torque equilibrium attitude are analyzed. Constraints on moment of inertia for successful momentum management are provided. Simulations demonstrate the excellent performance of the controller.