面向空间应用的高精度磁阻磁强计设计及性能测试

文章基于磁阻磁强计的工作原理,提出了高精度磁阻磁强计三分量探头和电子电路设计方案:改进磁强计三分量探头结构,以消除三分量磁畴间的相互干扰所引起的测量误差;采用交流耦合和闭环控制工作模式,以消除磁畴排列紊乱带来的影响,稳定磁强计的工作状态。关键性能指标的测试结果表明,磁阻磁强计在1 Hz点处的频谱噪声达到38 pT/(Hz)~(1/2),其噪声性能显著提高。另外,该磁阻磁强计采用微型化结构设计,便于安装,满足微小卫星的空间磁场探测的需求。     

火星车转移坡道柔顺性优化设计及动力学分析

对一种抽展式火星车转移坡道开展柔顺性优化设计和动力学分析。首先,分析火星车与存在异面角的坡道的挤压几何原理。然后,设计坡道的间隙机构和限位机构,并计算出机构关键设计参数的最优值,以自适应调整两侧坡道的距离,〖JP2〗减小火星车与坡道护栏之间的相互作用力。最后,对坡道下落过程和火星车在坡道上的行驶过程进行动力学仿真,验证坡道柔顺性优化设计的效果。结果表明：优化后的坡道柔顺性大幅提高,坡道可以自适应调整两侧的距离;使用优化后的坡道,可以有效降低火星车与坡道护栏的作用力,实现火星车在坡道上的安全行驶。     

Integration of lessons from recent research for “Earth to Mars” life support systems

Development of reliable and robust strategies for long-term life support for planetary exploration must be built from real-time experimentation to verify and improve system components. Also critical is incorporating a range of viable options to handle potential short-term life system imbalances. This paper revisits some of the conceptual framework for a Mars base prototype which has been developed by the authors along with others previously advanced (“Mars on Earth^®”) in the light of three years of experimentation in the Laboratory Biosphere, further investigation of system alternatives and the advent of other innovative engineering and agri-ecosystem approaches. Several experiments with candidate space agriculture crops have demonstrated the higher productivity possible with elevated light levels and improved environmental controls. For example, crops of sweet potatoes exceeded original Mars base prototype projections by an average of 46% (53% for best crop) ultradwarf (Apogee) wheat by 9% (23% for best crop), pinto bean by 13% (31% for best crop). These production levels, although they may be increased with further optimization of lighting regimes, environmental parameters, crop density etc. offer evidence that a soil-based system can be as productive as the hydroponic systems which have dominated space life support scenarios and research. But soil also offers distinct advantages: the capability to be created on the Moon or Mars using in situ space resources, reduces long-term reliance on consumables and imported resources, and more readily recycling and incorporating crew and crop waste products. In addition, a living soil contains a complex microbial ecosystem which helps prevent the buildup of trace gases or compounds, and thus assist with air and water purification. The atmospheric dynamics of these crops were studied in the Laboratory Biosphere adding to the database necessary for managing the mixed stands of crops essential for supplying a nutritionally adequate diet in space. This paper explores some of the challenges of small bioregenerative life support: air-sealing and facility architecture/design, balance of short-term variations of carbon dioxide and oxygen through staggered plantings, options for additional atmospheric buffers and sinks, lighting/energy efficiency engineering, crop and waste product recycling approaches, and human factor considerations in the design and operation of a Mars base. An “Earth to Mars” project, forging the ability to live sustainably in space (as on Earth) requires continued research and testing of these components and integrated subsystems; and developing a step-by-step learning process.     

Crew autonomy for deep space exploration: Lessons from the Antarctic Search for Meteorites

Future piloted missions to explore asteroids, Mars, and other targets beyond the Moon will experience strict limitations on communication between vehicles in space and control centers on Earth. These limitations will require crews to operate with greater autonomy than any past space mission has demonstrated. The Antarctic Search for Meteorites (ANSMET) project, which regularly sends small teams of researchers to remote parts of the southern continent, resembles a space mission in many ways but does not rely upon a control center. It provides a useful crew autonomy model for planners of future deep space exploration missions. In contrast to current space missions, ANSMET gives the crew the authority to adjust competing work priorities, task assignments, and daily schedules; allows the crew to be the primary monitor of mission progress; demands greater crew accountability for operational errors; requires the crew to make the most of limited communication bandwidth; adopts systems designed for simple operation and failure recovery; and grants the crew a leading role in the selection and stowage of their equipment.     

Disturbance observer based model predictive control for accurate atmospheric entry of spacecraft

Facing the complex aerodynamic environment of Mars atmosphere, a composite atmospheric entry trajectory tracking strategy is investigated in this paper. External disturbances, initial states uncertainties and aerodynamic parameters uncertainties are the main problems. The composite strategy is designed to solve these problems and improve the accuracy of Mars atmospheric entry. This strategy includes a model predictive control for optimized trajectory tracking performance, as well as a disturbance observer based feedforward compensation for external disturbances and uncertainties attenuation. 500-run Monte Carlo simulations show that the proposed composite control scheme achieves more precise Mars atmospheric entry (3.8?km parachute deployment point distribution error) than the baseline control scheme (8.4?km) and integral control scheme (5.8?km).     

Conceptual study and key technology development for Mars Aeroflyby sample collection

Conceptual study of Mars Aeroflyby Sample Collection (MASC) is conducted as a part of the next Mars exploration mission currently entertained in Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. In the mission scenario, an atmospheric entry vehicle is flown into the Martian atmosphere, collects the Martian dust particles as well as atmospheric gases during the guided hypersonic flight, exits the Martian atmosphere, and is inserted into a parking orbit from which a return system departs for the earth to deliver the dust and gas samples. In order to accomplish a controlled flight and a successful orbit insertion, aeroassist orbit transfer technologies are introduced into the guidance and control system. System analysis is conducted to assess the feasibility and to make a conceptual design, finding that the MASC system is feasible at the minimum system mass of 600 kg approximately. The aerogel, which is one of the candidates for the dust sample collector, is assessed by arcjet heating tests to examine its behavior when exposed to high-temperature gases, as well as by particle impingement tests to evaluate its dust capturing capability.     

月球探测器软着陆缓冲机构触月敏感技术

简介了国外月球和火星等探测器软着陆缓冲机构＂触地＂敏感技术与应用,提出了采用冲击加速度检测的探测器软着陆缓冲机构（足垫）触月敏感触发方案,阐述了敏感触发装置的设计思想,分析了探测器软着陆触月过程的动力学响应,论述了触发装置的冲击加速度敏感检测方式与原理以及电路单元设计。该装置比较适合月球探测器软着陆缓冲机构的结构和工作特点,可以满足制导、导航与控制（GNC）主控系统设计要求。     

跨声速风洞斜孔壁非线性流动试验

为分析跨声速风洞斜孔壁近壁区域的流动特性，评估气流偏角-压力系数的非线性关联，在0.6 m跨超声速风洞中开展了基于七孔探针的流动特性测量试验。通过气流偏角和压力系数分布分析了斜孔壁流动的差阻特性，以及马赫数、模型升力对斜孔壁流动的影响，最后基于试验结果发展了计算斜孔壁特性参数的微分法，并与经验方法结果进行对比。结果表明，斜孔壁流动呈现出明显的差阻性和非线性，在负压差范围内，近壁流动仍以出流为主；高亚声速时，空风洞模型区孔壁流动特性趋于实壁；安装模型后，随着升力的增大，升力面对应的孔壁区域流动向入流发展，孔壁流动特性趋于开口边界。     

Distribution and variability of accelerated electrons at Mars

We investigate accelerated electrons observed by Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), using data from the Electron Reflectometer (ER) instrument. We find three different types of accelerated electron events. Current sheet events occur over regions with weak or no crustal fields, have the highest electron energy fluxes, and are likely located on draped magnetotail fields. Extended events occur over regions with moderate crustal magnetic fields, and are most often observed on closed magnetic field lines. Localized events have the lowest energy fluxes, occur in strong magnetic cusp regions, and are the most likely kind of event to be found on open magnetic field lines. Some localized events have clear signatures of field-aligned currents; these events have much higher electron fluxes, and are preferentially observed on radially oriented open magnetic field lines. Electron acceleration events, especially localized events, are similar in many ways to events observed in the terrestrial auroral zone. However, physical processes related to those found in the terrestrial cusp and/or plasmasheet could also be responsible for accelerating electrons at Mars.