美国2020火星车着陆区遴选进展及对2020中国火星任务着陆探测部分的一些思考

总结了近20年来火星探测的重要发现以及生命、气候和地质3个方面尚未解决的关键科学问题;介绍了美国国家航空航天局(NASA)2020火星探测任务的科学目标、科学载荷和着陆区选择的工程条件限制,并重点分析了经过3次着陆区选择研讨会,上百位行星科学家投票选取的排名前3的预选着陆区的地质情况。在此基础上,提出了对我国2020年火星任务的着陆探测部分的一些思考,并根据不同的任务目标(聚焦生命、气候和地质问题;支持载人火星探测的资源勘察;工程技术验证)提出了3个候选着陆区。     

火星沙尘环境光学图像增强方法

针对火星探测器着陆时沙尘天气对机器视觉的影响,提出一种去除沙尘天气对光学成像影响的方法,为视觉系统提供清晰输入图像。首先对受沙尘天气影响的图像建立模型,然后求取模型中大气光值与透射系数值。对于大气光值的计算采用基于四叉树细分的方法,在最小值图像上搜寻指定阈值面积中灰度均值最大的区域,在初始图像中相同区域计算各通道均值,作为大气光值。在此基础上计算透射系数,完成清晰图像的恢复。通过对受沙尘影响图像测试表明,该方法能够将受沙尘影响的图像恢复成清晰的图像。即使在复杂的环境中,该方法对光照变化、沙尘强度变化和场景变化等仍具有较好的效果。与其他方法相比,本文方法在去除沙尘对光学图像影响方面效果较好,在恢复图像评价指标等方面优于其他方法,能够进一步提高图像清晰度,为光学图像的后期处理提供更丰富信息。      

中国首次火星探测任务科学目标与有效载荷配置

中国首次火星探测任务将于2020年实施,科学目标和有效载荷配置是工程任务的重要顶层设计之一。简要回顾了国外已实施火星探测任务的主要科学目标,介绍了我国首次火星探测任务科学目标、有效载荷配置,分析了科学目标的创新性和特色。     

Comparison of various cusp models with high- and low-resolution observations

Three major cusp models are systematically compared with low-resolution (large-scale) and high-resolution (fine-scale) low-altitude observations. Those models are (a) global magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) models (including MHD+drift models), (b) turbulent/diffusive entry models, and (c) direct flowing entry models. Although low-resolution data are mostly consistent with MHD models, high-resolution data mostly contradicts them. The data instead supports the other models in which the cusp is considered as a local `extra' open region. This is a good lesson to us: past supportive `tests' of MHD cusp models might have essential flaws in the methodology, and high-resolution data is necessary even for large-scale modelings.     

航天器帆板温度受火星热流的影响分析

火星热流对环火轨道航天器的太阳帆板温度有较大的影响。本文建立了火星反照率的数学模型,分析了火星红外辐射和反照热流变化时,太阳帆板在近火弧段和远火弧段阴影期各自的温度变化规律。研究表明,在不同的轨道高度下,火星红外辐射和反照热流对帆板的影响各不相同,存在一个帆板温度受较大影响的临界轨道高度。当轨道高度小于此临界轨道高度,火星红外辐射和反照热流对帆板温度场的影响极大,不能忽略;当轨道高度大于此临界轨道高度,火星红外辐射和反照热流对帆板温度场的影响有限,可以忽略,为后续火星探测提供了一定的参考。     

再入大气层航天飞机的动力学建模与仿真

探讨了返回式航天飞机在再入大气层飞行阶段的动力学建模与仿真技术,基于牛顿定律建立了描述再入大气层飞行过程的六自由度非线性动力学和运动学数学模型。其中地球被描述为绕短轴自转的椭球体,重力场梯度由四阶Ｊｅｆｆｅｒｙ常数描述,航天飞机的姿态运动用四元素法描述,以避免模型方程中的数值奇异点。同时,以某型机组返回器为对象,建立了空气动力学模型,在Ｓｉｍｕｌｉｎｋ环境下开发了飞行仿真器软件系统,检验了其性能和     

火星巡视器动力学建模研究与仿真平台实现

火星巡视器是执行复杂的火星表面探测任务的重要载体,为保证巡视器的可靠性,本文对火星巡视器动力学原理进行了研究.首先,分析了巡视器的结构组成,介绍了巡视器动力学建模的相关理论基础.然后根据巡视器有向Span树的轴链系统,基于拉格朗日递归动力学分析方法,得到了多轴系统拉格朗日方程,通过遍历巡视器轴链拓扑完成了巡视器动力学模...     

仿尺蠖型火星车设计与验证

针对传统被动悬架式火星车在火星复杂地形运动中可能存在的问题,设计了仿尺蠖型火星车,包括沉陷脱困设计、爬坡设计、防托底设计和抬轮设计;识别了仿尺蠖型火星车移动系统的关键参数,计算得到不同火星车抬升高度的关键参数值和一个尺蠖运动周期的位移值;计算结果表明仿尺蠖型火星车可以解决被动悬架式火星车的上述问题。对所设计的仿尺蠖型火星车开展了地面试验和飞行试验验证,地面试验验证了车轮沉陷脱困能力、越障能力和爬坡能力;作为仿尺蠖型火星车应用的实例,“祝融号”火星车成功经历了飞行试验,它在火星表面的顺利运行表明仿尺蠖型火星车设计措施有效。     

Observation of aphelion cloud belt over Martian tropics,its evolution,and associated dust distribution from MCS data

The present study uses five Martian years of observations from Mars Climate Sounder onboard Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter for investigating the Aphelion Cloud Belt (ACB) over the tropics. Analysis of zonal mean water ice column opacity suggests that the spatial extension of the ACB is mainly confined over the tropics and mid-latitudes (-20 – 40°N) during L_S ~ 45 – 135° (L_S = 0° signifies northern spring equinox). The ACB is seen primarily in the nighttime only due to the truncation of the daytime profile observations at significantly higher altitudes (at ~30 km). Zonal mean ice extinction profiles show ACB’s altitudinal range within ~10 – 40 km, and the existence of a thin cloud band in the absence of a thick ACB during aphelion season. Three phases of the ACB could be identified as the formation phase during L_S = 45 – 75° (phase 1), the peak phase during L_S = 76 – 105° (phase 2), and the decaying phase during L_S = 106 – 135° (phase 3). Observation of the cloud latitude belt shows a northward movement starting from phase 2, prominent over regions nearby Lunae Planum and Xanthe Terra. During this phase, the top level of thick clouds within the ACB decreases to ~20 km in the southern hemisphere, while it increases a little over the northern hemisphere (NH). The decreasing tendency continues in phase 3 over the entire region ?10 – 10°N, and the thick cloud base moves higher over the NH, though the vertical depth of it becomes narrower than phase 2. Temperature profiles do not show any noticeable influence on the northward evolution of the ACB. However, the study at a regional level indicates a possible association of upper tropospheric dustiness with the ACB’s evolution. The mechanism is evident in the correlation analysis mostly at an altitude range of ~18 – 35 km. The migrating semidiurnal tide (SMD) as a proxy of dust or water ice forcing, and the calculated upper tropospheric dust radiative heating, shows an apparent northward movement of their peak amplitude within the three phases of the ACB. This match between the spatiotemporal variations of the SMD and the water ice was not observed previously. However, the correlating behavior seems to be prominent in the areas nearby Lunae Planum and Xanthe Terra and the upper-tropospheric region of the atmosphere.