21世纪的航天(续)

航天事业在20世纪已取得显著进展和辉煌成就。21世纪即将来临。在21世纪,世界航天如何发展、将取得哪些重大成就,是人们关注的话题。为此,笔者根据有关材料汇编了这份材料,以供参考。共4讲,第一、二讲已刊登在本刊1998年第4期,下面为第三、四讲。     

载人飞船座椅缓冲机构的可靠性试验方法

结合中国载人飞船座椅缓冲机构介绍了功能和主要故障模式,建立了座椅缓冲机构的可靠性模型,给出了座椅缓冲机构的可靠性特征量,基于计量型可靠性试验的基本思路,提出了座椅缓冲机构的可靠性试验方法并给出了应用示例,为载人飞船座椅缓冲机构可靠性验证提供了技术途径。     

基于遗传算法的载人航天器标准返回轨道设计

载人航天器返回时,根据任务的要求,需要设计一条标准返回轨道,作为制导时的参考轨道。文章探讨利用遗传算法（ＧＡ）来自动设计标准返回轨道。通过仿真表明,遗传算法在标准返回轨道设计中具有一定的优越性。仿真结果满足任务要求。     

未来空间站系统中的空间系绳

在未来空间站系统中,空间系绳将起重要而独特的作用。系绳技术是发展空间运输、空间研究与空间应用的一项关键技术。     

Toroidal magnetic fields for protecting astronauts from ionizing radiation in long duration deep space missions

Among the configurations of superconducting magnet structures proposed for protecting manned spaceships or manned deep space bases from ionizing radiation, toroidal ones are the most appealing for the efficient use of the magnetic field, being most of the incoming particle directions perpendicular to the induction lines of the field. The parameters of the toroid configuration essentially depend from the shape and volume of the habitat to be protected and the level of protection to be guaranteed. Two options are considered: (1) the magnetic system forming with the habitat a unique complex (compact toroid) to be launched as one piece; (2) the magnetic system to be launched separately from the habitat and assembled around it in space (large toroid).     

载人航天器主动热控制系统流体回路的优化设计

载人航天器一般采用主动热控制技术为主的热控制系统,废热的排散主要通过泵驱动单相流体回路。分析了主动热控制系统的主要设计任务,如系统方案、工质的选择、回路部件的选型、系统参数的确定、控制算法等;提出了主动热控制系统方案及参数选择应满足适应性要求、安全性要求、可靠性要求以及经济性要求,指出主动热控制系统的设计是一个以系统总体质量最小为目标的约束优化问题,并讨论了优化设计的思路与实现流程。最后基于一个具体的设计案例对设计方法进行了验证。     

载人航天器停靠封存期间防止热辐射器冻结的方法

提出了一种新的防止辐射器冻结的方法——辐射器低温循环系统方法,并对该系统进行了数值模拟。结果表明:辐射器内工质的流动对辐射器的温度分布有明显的改善作用;辐射器节点间的温差随回路中工质流速的增加而明显降低;回路中工质存在最佳流速,当超过该值时对辐射器的温度分布已无明显作用。     

Recent Development in the Space Utility System of China's Manned Space Flight Program

This paper briefly introduces the history of China's Manned Space Flight Program and concludes the experiments done since 2008, namely, a small satellite and a material science experiment. An outlook of future Chinese Space Station is also described at the end.     

Active shielding for long duration interplanetary manned missions

For long duration interplanetary manned missions the protection of astronauts from cosmic radiation is an unavoidable problem that has been considered by many space agencies. In Europe, during 2002–2004, the European Space Agency supported two research programs on this thematic: one was the constitution of a dedicated study group (on the thematic ‘Shielding from cosmic radiation for interplanetary missions: active and passive methods’) in the framework of the ‘life and physical sciences’ report, and the other an industrial study concerning the ‘radiation exposure and mission strategies for interplanetary manned missions to Moon and Mars’. Both programs concluded that, outside the protection of the magnetosphere and in the presence of the most intense and energetic solar events, the protection cannot rely solely on the mechanical structures of the spacecraft, but a temporary shelter must be provided. Because of the limited mass budget, the shelter should be based on the use of superconducting magnetic systems. For long duration missions the astronauts must be protected from the much more energetic galactic cosmic rays during the whole mission period. This requires the protection of a large habitat where they could live and work, and not the temporary protection of a small volume shelter. With passive absorbers unable to play any significant role, the use of active shielding is mandatory. The possibilities offered by superconducting magnets are discussed, and recommendations are made about the needed R&D. The technical developments that have occurred in the meanwhile and the evolving panorama of possible near future interplanetary missions, require revising the pioneering studies of the last decades and the adoption of a strategy that considers long lasting human permanence in ‘deep’ space, moreover not only for a relatively small number of dedicated astronauts but also for citizens conducting there ‘normal’ activities.     

载人运输飞船流体回路试验研究

详细介绍了载人运输飞船热控船流体回路主要技术方案,包括系统组成与流程设计、工作模式设计、主要技术状态等,并列出了流体回路全部试验工况及相关试验结果,试验结果表明流体回路具有良好的温度调控能力和适应能力。重点对流体回路辐射器、冷凝干燥器、冷板、换热器等设备换热能力及低温情况下工质体积补偿、低压情况下工质溶气释出导致泵压头波动等问题进行了分析。最后根据分析和试验结果对系统提出了优化改进建议。