Applying the mathematical theory of stochastic processes to lunar and planetary science: the ancient oceans on Mars case

The Mathematical Statistics Theory (MST) and the Mathematical Theory of Stochastic Processes (MTSP) are different branches of the more general Mathematical Probability Theory (MPT) that represents different aspects of some physical processes we can analyze using mathematics. Each model of a stochastic process according to the MTSP can provide one or more interpretations in the MST domain. The importance of MTSP is that each such interpretation can provide large amount of new information. While large body of work on the impact crater statistics according to MST has already been done, it is yet to be investigated as to how we can model a stochastic process according to MTSP; for example, bombardment of the planetary surface or something else in a Lunar and Planetary Science (LPS) domain. In order to show possible achievements, the possible existence of a Martian ocean was chosen as a query that could be addressed through computations using presumptions according to MTSP, including probability of existence as well as lateral and vertical extent and duration of time. While the presumptions for this particular case will also be addressed in certain degree, this will be done primarily to show complexities of some physical process that can be modeled, rather than to prove correctness of the concrete values computed here. While this in itself can be the objective in some future work toward the formal proof of the probability, extent, and timing of oceans on Mars, the basic idea here is to show the basic principles of MTSP, and its potential for addressing LPS-related phenomena. Here, I attempt to show how this approach can: (1) provide large amounts of previously unknown information about physical processes on the surface of the planet, (2) lead to a better understanding of the processes that have shaped the surface of the planet, and/or (3) help constrain the amount of resurfacing. Coupled with other current methodologies, MTSP can result in a better understanding of the history of Mars, as well as other lunar and planetary bodies.     

空地一体化技术在IFTD试飞中的应用

发动机表明符合性试飞科目飞行中推力确定（In Flight Thrust Determination, 简称IFTD）试验点多、耗时长、费用高。为提升试飞架次效率和地面监控力度,降低架次成本,基于FLIGHTLAB软件开发了面向物理的空地一体化仿真模型系统,并采用卡尔曼滤波和遗传算法对模型输入数据进行了实时处理和动态优选,最后基于QT开发了空地对比监控界面在某型号IFTD试飞中进行了应用。经验证,所建空地一体化仿真模型能够有效对某型号的发动机运行和动力学响应进行模拟,发动机各项参数的平均误差约为3%,采用的数据实时处理和动态优选算法能够良好地匹配空地一体化仿真模型系统,使系统有效运行,在IFTD试飞中,仅两个架次就为试飞节约燃油约3 t;本次应用表明,空地一体化技术,在飞行前能够为试验点可达性分析和试验点优选构型分析提供支持,在飞行中为试飞监控减轻负担。     

一种基于星表特征直线匹配的着陆器位姿估计算法

针对深空探测星际着陆过程中的自主导航问题,提出一种基于星表特征直线的着陆器位姿估计算法。该算法首先采用EDLine算法对着陆过程中所拍摄的图像进行特征直线提取;其次根据直线局部特征对特征直线进行匹配;之后利用至少3对已匹配的特征直线,建立关于着陆器位姿的几何约束方程;然后根据奇异值分解法得到着陆器位姿的候选解;最终通过最小二乘法从候选解中选取着陆器位置、姿态的唯一解。仿真结果表明:该算法可以快速估计着陆器位姿,且在高度为2 000 m时位置误差小于2 m、姿态误差小于0.10°。     

基于火卫二视线测量的火星接近段自主导航算法

针对火星接近段导航通信时延大、存在通信盲区、自主导航可用观测信息有限等问题,提出了一种基于一组火卫二相对探测器视线矢量测量的天文自主导航算法,每个导航周期测量一组火卫二视线矢量可得到其中某一时刻探测器的完整轨道信息的估计值,该方法不依赖于轨道渐近线方向等先验信息。考虑到存在火卫二和火星在同一视场的情形,此时结合火星中心视线矢量方向以及火卫二的星历信息可估计出精度较高的探测器轨道半径,作为第一种方法的补充观测量,提高导航精度。最后给出仿真校验,验证了该方法的导航精度和可行性,表明该方案能够满足未来火星探测接近段自主导航需求。     

木星系探测及行星穿越任务轨迹初步设计

基于我国未来木星系探测任务需求,初步设计了任务轨迹。以目前的发射能力,要实现木星的环绕探测必将利用行星借力,需设计借力轨迹。首先将脉冲变轨的轨迹设计问题转化为参数优化问题,在满足2029—2032年间发射并且飞行时间不超过7年的约束条件下,使用PSO算法对发射时刻、借力时刻、深空机动时刻、到达时刻等参数进行优化,使得探测器需提供的总速度增量最小。探测器进入木星系后,利用木卫3借力捕获至环木大椭圆轨道,又利用木卫4构造共振借力,最终捕获至木卫4的环绕轨道。在此基础上,还考虑了天王星飞越的拓展任务,天王星探测器在到达木星时与木星系探测器分离,利用木星借力可无消耗飞往天王星,并在2043年完成天王星的飞越探测任务。     

Mars entry fault-tolerant control via neural network and structure adaptive model inversion

The capability of autonomous fault detection and reconstruction is essential for future manned Mars exploration missions. Considering actuator failures and atmosphere uncertainties, we present a new active fault-tolerant control algorithm for Mars entry by use of neural network and structure adaptive model inversion. First, the online BP neural network is adopted to conduct the fault detection and isolation. Second, based on the structure adaptive model inversion, an adaptive neural network PID controller is developed for Mars entry fault-tolerant control. The normal PID controller will be automatically switched into neural network PID controller when an actuator fault is detected. Therefore, the error between the reference model and the output of the attitude control system would be adjusted to ensure the dynamic property of the entry vehicle. Finally, the effectiveness of the algorithm developed in this paper is confirmed by computer simulation.     

类水滴进口高超声速内收缩进气道设计及数值研究

采用压升规律可控的轴对称基准流场,结合流线追踪及截面渐变等技术设计了类水滴进口转圆形出口高超内收缩进气道构型,在设计点和接力点进行了数值模拟,并和设计参数相同的矩形转圆形内收缩进气道进行了比较.结果表明:设计点和接力点两者总体性能相当,类水滴进口进气道出口流场较均匀,并且具有更好的起动性能.此外,类水滴进口的几何非对称性造成了进气道整个流场结构的非对称.      

结构参数对火星探测用伞开伞性能的影响

文章以"火星探路者"所用伞为基础,对其结构作相应改变后进行充气过程仿真计算,研究结构参数对降落伞充气性能的影响。计算结果表明,盘缝带伞的阻力系数随着带宽和缝宽的增加而减小;但超声速开伞时,降落伞充气过程中伞衣的喘振现象随着带宽的增加而减弱,投影面积的波动随带宽增长变得缓和,这对盘缝带伞的开伞安全性和可靠性有利。     

Detection of sub-kilometer craters in high resolution planetary images using shape and texture features

Counting craters is a paramount tool of planetary analysis because it provides relative dating of planetary surfaces. Dating surfaces with high spatial resolution requires counting a very large number of small, sub-kilometer size craters. Exhaustive manual surveys of such craters over extensive regions are impractical, sparking interest in designing crater detection algorithms (CDAs). As a part of our effort to design a CDA, which is robust and practical for planetary research analysis, we propose a crater detection approach that utilizes both shape and texture features to identify efficiently sub-kilometer craters in high resolution panchromatic images. First, a mathematical morphology-based shape analysis is used to identify regions in an image that may contain craters; only those regions - crater candidates - are the subject of further processing. Second, image texture features in combination with the boosting ensemble supervised learning algorithm are used to accurately classify previously identified candidates into craters and non-craters. The design of the proposed CDA is described and its performance is evaluated using a high resolution image of Mars for which sub-kilometer craters have been manually identified. The overall detection rate of the proposed CDA is 81%, the branching factor is 0.14, and the overall quality factor is 72%. This performance is a significant improvement over the previous CDA based exclusively on the shape features. The combination of performance level and computational efficiency offered by this CDA makes it attractive for practical application.