地球-火星之间的往返轨迹全局一体化优化设计

针对多因素影响的地球-火星之间的星际往返轨迹优化设计问题,基于多体动力学运动模型,采用静态参数+动态优化的组合算法,进行了全局一体化优化设计,得到最优往返飞行方案,包括探测器从地球出发到火星的最优4-D飞行轨迹、从火星返回地球的最优4-D轨迹,分别离开地球与火星的时间、与星体的相对速度差等。最优飞行方案达到了在火星上探测时间足够长,往返飞行时间最短,所耗发动机燃料最少等目的。该研究结果对未来我国星际(如地球-各行星之间)最优往返飞行有一定的参考价值。     

基于ATE技术的末制导雷达“天线对零”实现方案

在叙述“天线对零”过程重要性的基础上,介绍了基于ATE技术的末制导雷达“天线对零”自动过程的实现方案。该自动“天线对零”方案已经应用在“末制导雷达通用检测系统”中,保证了系统的高精度自动化测量。     

Clipper返回舱气动布局优化方法研究

俄罗斯联邦空间局提出的Clipper飞船返回舱采用升力再入方式，结合了飞船和航天飞机的特点，升阻比高、机动性强、稳定性好、过载低、空间大，而且可以部分重复使用，是未来低成本天地往返运输系统可能的发展方向。采用基于牛顿理论的气动力工程方法对气动特性进行预测，建立了考虑高超声速升阻比和效用容积时的多目标气动布局优化模型，利用多目标遗传算法进行了优化计算，获得了约束条件下的Pareto最优解集。     

数字图像相关方法在土木测试领域中的实验研究

针对传统接触式测试方法(如电测法等)在土木工程领域中的局限性,开展了数字图像相关(Digital image correlation,DIC)方法在该测试领域的应用研究.采用橡胶带的拉伸实验来验证DIC方法的测量精度,具体的实验测试内容包括:基于空域和频域相结合的混合相关法,开展了建筑膜材的双轴拉伸实验,测量了膜材的力学参数;基于仿射变换的相关迭代法,开展了钢管混凝土框架梁柱连接模型的转角测量与分析实验,测量了加强环式连接的弯矩转角关系;基于时间序列DIC和高速摄影成像技术,开展了自由振动状态下拉索模型的动力学参数识别的实验研究.实验结果验证了这一新型检测手段用于测试建筑材料及结构的力学性能的可靠性与精度.     

基于UDP的端对端通讯的原理及实现

通过探索网络地址转换设备在进行UDP (User Datagram Protocol) 端口映射所存在的临时时间窗口,论述了使用UDP穿透网络地址转换设备的原理.引入检测及握手服务器及其所实现的数据包反射服务,来检测动态映射的端口信息以及网络地址转换设备在进行端口映射的特性.探讨了不同类型的网络地址转换设备对这种实现的影响,给出了检测过程以及建立端对端通讯过程的具体流程.这种实现可被广泛应用在IP语音、实时视频、文件共享以及分布式计算等应用中.     

Bacterial survival in response to desiccation and high humidity at above zero and subzero temperatures

Earthly microorganisms might have contaminated Mars for millions of years by intellectual activities or natural transfer. Knowledge on the preservation of microorganisms may help our searching for life on outer planets, particularly Mars-contaminated earthly microorganisms at ancient time. Extreme dryness is one of the current Mars characteristics. However, a humid or watery Mars at earlier time was suggested by evidence accumulated in recent decades. It raises the question that whether water helps preservation of the microorganisms or not, particularly those with high possibility of interplanetary transfer like spores and Deinococci. In this study, we examined the effects of desiccation and high humidity on survival and DNA double strand breaks (DSB) of Escherichia coli, Deinococcus radiodurans and spores of Bacillus pumilus at 25, 4 and −70 °C. They exhibited different survival rates and DSB patterns under desiccation and high humidity. Higher survival and less DSB occurred at lower temperature. We suggest that some Mars-contaminated bacteria might have been viably preserved on cold Mars regions for long periods, regardless of water availability. It is more likely to find ancient spores than ancient Deinococci on Mars. In our search for preserved extraterrestrial life, priority should be given to the Mars Polar Regions.     

A lunar cargo mission design strategy using variable low thrust

A design technique for a near optimal, Earth–Moon transfer trajectory using continuous variable low thrust is proposed. For the Earth–Moon transfer trajectory, analytical and numerical methods are combined to formulate the trajectory optimization problem. The basic concept of the proposed technique is to utilize analytically optimized solutions when the spacecraft is flying near a central body where the transfer trajectories are nearly circular shaped, and to use a numerical optimization method to match the spacecraft’s states to establish a final near optimal trajectory. The plasma thruster is considered as the main propulsion system which is currently being developed for crewed/cargo missions for interplanetary flight. The gravitational effects of the 3rd body and geopotential effects are included during the trajectory optimization process. With the proposed design technique, Earth–Moon transfer trajectory is successfully designed with the plasma thruster having a thrust direction sequence of “fixed-varied-fixed” and a thrust acceleration sequence of “constant-variable-constant”. As this strategy has the characteristics of a lesser computational load, little sensitivity to initial conditions, and obtaining solutions quickly, this method can be utilized in the initial scoping studies for mission design and analysis. Additionally, derived near optimal trajectory solution can be used as for initial trajectory solution for further detailed optimization problem. The demonstrated results will give various insights into future lunar cargo trajectories using plasma thrusters with continuous variable low thrust, establishing approximate costs as well as trajectory characteristics.     

Thermally evolved gas analysis (TEGA) of hyperarid soils doped with microorganisms from the Atacama Desert in southern Peru: Implications for the Phoenix mission

TEGA, one of several instruments on board of the Phoenix Lander, performed differential scanning calorimetry and evolved gas analysis of soil samples and ice, collected from the surface and subsurface at a northern landing site on Mars. TEGA is a combination of a high temperature furnace and a mass spectrometer (MS) that was used to analyze samples delivered to the instrument via a robotic arm. The samples were heated at a programmed ramp rate up to 1000 °C. The power required for heating can be carefully and continuously monitored (scanning calorimetry). The evolved gases generated during the process can be analyzed with the evolved gas analyzer (a magnetic sector mass spectrometer) in order to determine the composition of gases released as a function of temperature. Our laboratory has developed a sample characterization method using a pyrolyzer integrated to a quadrupole mass spectrometer to support the interpretations of TEGA data. Here we examine the evolved gas properties of six types of hyperarid soils from the Pampas de La Joya in southern Peru (a possible analog to Mars), to which we have added with microorganisms (Salmonella typhimurium, Micrococcus luteus, and Candida albicans) in order to investigate the effect of the soil matrix on the TEGA response. Between 20 and 40 mg of soil, with or without ∼5 mg of lyophilized microorganism biomass (dry weight), were placed in the pyrolyzer and heated from room temperature to 1200 °C in 1 h at a heating rate of 20 °C/min. The volatiles released were transferred to a MS using helium as a carrier gas. The quadrupole MS was ran in scan mode from 10 to 200 m/z. In addition, ∼20 mg of each microorganism without a soil matrix were analyzed. As expected, there were significant differences in the gases released from microorganism samples with or without a soil matrix, under similar heating conditions. Furthermore, samples from the most arid environments had significant differences compared with less arid soils. Organic carbon released in the form of CO₂ (ion 44 m/z) from microorganisms evolved at temperatures of ∼326.0 ± 19.5 °C, showing characteristic patterns for each one. Others ions such as 41, 78 and 91 m/z were also found. Interestingly, during the thermal process, the release of CO₂ increased and ions previously found disappeared, demonstrating a high-oxidant activity in the soil matrix when it was subjected to high temperature. Finally, samples of soil show CO₂ evolved up to 650 °C consistent with thermal decomposition of carbonates. These results indicate that organics mixed with these hyperarid soils are oxidized to CO₂. Our results suggest the existence of at least two types of oxidants in these soils, a thermolabile oxidant which is highly oxidative and other thermostable oxidant which has a minor oxidative activity and that survives the heat-treatment. Furthermore, we find that the interaction of biomass added to soil samples gives a different set of breakdown gases than organics resident in the soil. The nature of oxidant(s) present in the soils from Pampas de La Joya is still unknown.     

Investigation of the Influence of Magnetic Anomalies on Ion Distributions at Mars

Using data from the Mars Express Ion Mass Analyzer (IMA) we investigate the distribution of ion beams of planetary origin and search for an influence from Mars crustal magnetic anomalies. We have concentrated on ion beams observed inside the induced magnetosphere boundary (magnetic pile-up boundary). Some north-south asymmetry is seen in the data, but no longitudinal structure resembling that of the crustal anomalies. Comparing the occurrence rate of ion beams with magnetic field strength at 400 km altitude below the spacecraft (using statistical Mars Global Surveyor results) shows a decrease of the occurrence rate for modest (< 40 nT) magnetic fields. Higher magnetic field regions (above 40 nT at 400 km) are sampled so seldom that the statistics are poor but the data is consistent with some ion outflow events being closely associated with the stronger anomalies. This ion flow does not significantly affect the overall distribution of ion beams around Mars.     

火星进入器作强迫震荡运动壁面脉动压力数值模拟

为研究超声速阶段进入器作强迫震荡运动对壁面脉动压力环境的影响规律,本文耦合进入器刚体运动方程与流体力学方程,采用动网格技术,对火星进入器模型开展非定常数值模拟,获取壁面不同位置处的脉动压力信息。研究表明：在超声速阶段,进入器作强迫震荡运动诱导的脉动压力远大于进入器保持相对静止时仅由非定常流动诱导的脉动压力。来流马赫数为1.2时,进入器作强迫震荡运动对脱体激波影响较小,脱体激波强度较弱且形态变化较小,攻角的震荡导致同一测点距离脱体激波的位置发生周期性改变,舱体迎风面及配平翼迎风面的脉动压力环境主要受攻角变化的影响;来流马赫数为3时,进入器作强迫震荡运动对脱体激波的影响较大,脱体激波震荡剧烈,诱导舱体迎风面及配平翼迎风面产生极其恶劣的脉动压力环境,功率谱分析表明激波震荡诱导的脉动压力能量主要集中在30 Hz左右。