The present status of the Japanese Penetrator Mission: LUNAR-A

The scientific objective of the LUNAR-A Japanese Penetrator Mission is to explore the lunar interior by seismic and heat-flow experiments. Two penetrators containing two-component seismometer and heat-flow probes will be deployed from a spacecraft onto the lunar surface, one on the nearside and the other on the farside of the moon. The data obtained by the penetrators will be transmitted to the ground station by way of the LUNAR-A mother spacecraft orbiting at an altitude of about 200 km. The seismic observations are expected to provide key data on the size of the lunar core, as well as data on the deep mantle structure. The heat-flow measurements at two different sites will also provide important data on the thermal structure and bulk concentrations of heat-generating elements in the Moon. These data will provide much stronger geophysical constraints on the origin and evolution of the Moon than has ever been obtained. The LUNAR-A mission was supposed to be launched in 2004. However, a malfunction of spacecraft subsystem and technical issues for penetrator system occurred during the course of the qualification level test. Therefore, further improvements and some modifications were considered to be required for reliability and robustness. The development of the mother spacecraft was temporarily suspended, while we have put a three-year program into effect to solve the penetrator technology issues.     

The Japanese lunar mission SELENE: Science goals and present status

The Japanese lunar mission SELENE (SELenological and ENgineering Explorer) has been in development to target launch scheduled 2007 summer by H-IIA rocket. The SELENE is starting final integration test after SAR (System Acceptance Review), SRR (System Reliability Review) and instrument environment test. The SELENE is a remote-sensing mission orbiting 100 km altitude of the Moon for nominal one year and extended some months to collect the data for studying the origin and evolution of the Moon. Fourteen instruments and experiment systems are preparing for studies of the Moon, in the Moon, and from the Moon; global element and mineral compositions, topological structure, gravity field of whole moon, and electromagnetic and particle environment of the Moon. The new data center SOAC (SELENE Operation and data Analysis Center) are completed to construct in JAXA Sagamihara campus, and end-to-end test will be carried out between SOAC and data downlink stations.     

Prospects in the orbital and rotational dynamics of the Moon with the advent of sub-centimeter lunar laser ranging

Lunar laser ranging (LLR) measurements are crucial for advanced exploration of the laws of fundamental gravitational physics and geophysics as well as for future human and robotic missions to the Moon. The corner-cube reflectors (CCR) currently on the Moon require no power and still work perfectly since their installation during the project Apollo era. Current LLR technology allows us to measure distances to the Moon with a precision approaching 1 mm. As NASA pursues the vision of taking humans back to the Moon, new, more precise laser ranging applications will be demanded, including continuous tracking from more sites on Earth, placing new CCR arrays on the Moon, and possibly installing other devices such as transponders, etc. for multiple scientific and technical purposes. Since this effort involves humans in space, then in all situations the accuracy, fidelity, and robustness of the measurements, their adequate interpretation, and any products based on them, are of utmost importance. Successful achievement of this goal strongly demands further significant improvement of the theoretical model of the orbital and rotational dynamics of the Earth–Moon system. This model should inevitably be based on the theory of general relativity, fully incorporate the relevant geophysical processes, lunar librations, tides, and should rely upon the most recent standards and recommendations of the IAU for data analysis. This paper discusses methods and problems in developing such a mathematical model. The model will take into account all the classical and relativistic effects in the orbital and rotational motion of the Moon and Earth at the sub-centimeter level. The model is supposed to be implemented as a part of the computer code underlying NASA Goddard’s orbital analysis and geophysical parameter estimation package GEODYN and the ephemeris package PMOE 2003 of the Purple Mountain Observatory. The new model will allow us to navigate a spacecraft precisely to a location on the Moon. It will also greatly improve our understanding of the structure of the lunar interior and the nature of the physical interaction at the core–mantle interface layer. The new theory and upcoming millimeter LLR will give us the means to perform one of the most precise fundamental tests of general relativity in the solar system.     

海上夜间飞行的实时仿真

自然场景仿真是虚拟现实技术的重要部分,夜间海上飞行时,星空、月亮以及海面的倒影是独具特色的自然场景.为营造沉浸感强的夜海飞行虚拟现实系统,用粒子系统实现了星空的模拟,将星体动态闪烁现象演化为粒子生命的概念,并按照主导算法加扰动的思想实现星空随机性模拟;用特殊纹理融合算法模拟月亮及星月在海面的镜像,特殊纹理经过制作、着色和融合3个过程,并根据夜空景像在海面倒影的亮度衰减规律确定融合因子,将纹理和背景按照融合因子进行深度融合;最终实现了较逼真的夜海飞行虚拟现实系统.      

基于图像分形的故障特征提取方法

提出了一种图像分形的故障特征提取方法。介绍了分形维数的理论计算公式,分析了计盒维数的计算方法。对现场测试的柴油机爆燃阶段振动信号波形图像和切片Wigner高阶矩谱图像进行了分形维数计算。研究结果表明柴油机缸套活塞不同磨损状态的分形维数差异明显,能够表征不同状态的特征参数。     

基于自适应搜索的快速运动估计算法

在MPEG和H.263的运动估计中,全搜索(FS)效果虽好但时间开销巨大,以三步搜索法为代表的一些快速算法不仅在搜索精度方面与FS相比有较大的差距,而且搜索时间仍不能满足实际的需要.提出的基于自适应搜索的快速运动估计算法(ASA)充分利用了视频序列运动矢量在空间分布上的中心偏置特性和相邻块运动的相关性,在大幅度提高搜索效率的情况下,得到了与全搜索非常接近的搜索效果.与现有算法相比,该算法具有高效、鲁棒性强的特点.      

工艺参数对频率选择表面传输特性试验研究

制造加工曲面频率选择表面FSS(Frequency Selective Surface)的工艺参数不同会产生FSS中心谐振频率漂移以及传输系数降低.以有限大平板FSS试件为基础,利用矢量网络分析仪PNA 8363B组成的测试系统,研究了在相同条件下加工工艺、FSS附加导电层以及FSS表面电阻率对有限大平板FSS传输性能的影响规律.结果表明,不同加工方法使得平板FSS的中心谐振频率产生漂移,该差异可能是FSS单元边缘毛刺影响的结果,该影响对FSS在各种入射角条件下的传输损耗等性能也略有影响;导电层表面电阻率对FSS的传输系数有较大影响,方块电阻越大传输系数越低,且FSS中心谐振频率也有差异;附加导电层对FSS传输特性的影响不大.      

红外图像特征提取的一种方法

小波变换是信号处理、图像处理的重要工具,已广泛应用于信号分析、数据压缩和边缘检测等各个领域。本文基于图像小波变换,提出了一种红外图像特征提取的一种方法。通过对红外图像进行小波分解,设置门限,将小波变换系数转换为二进制,然后将二进制小波系数再转换为十进制,这样既得到了红外图像的特征,又压缩了数据。通过大量的红外图像目标识别实验,证明本文提出的方法是有效的。     

解决有效性与公平性的一种TCP拥塞控制算法

提出了显式通告分队列服务算法,用以解决低业务量用户相对高业务量用户对带宽占有的不公平性和传输效率比较低的问题。该算法中,源端和路由器在接收到包含业务类型(高/低业务量)、传输开始或者传输结束等控制信息时,把高/低业务量用户的数据分配到具有相应服务速率的队列中,或者将传输结束但仍占有相应服务速率的空闲队列合并到非空闲队列,增加非空闲队列的服务速率,这样在保护低业务量用户对带宽共享的公平性的同时,提高了带宽的利用率,即传输效率,从而提高了网络的性能。     

基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的舰机相对位姿估测

通过将基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的长序列图像分析方法与单目视觉技术相结合,把无人机自主着舰视觉导引中舰机间相对位姿的估测,转化为机载摄像机对着舰靶标平面3D位姿的实时估测问题.首先根据透视投影理论,建立了以摄像机的透镜中心为原点且Z轴与光轴重合的摄像机坐标系和世界坐标系,然后利用机载摄像机连续拍摄的靶标图像序列,选择描述相对运动的3个欧拉角、平移向量及它们的速度作为状态变量;由靶标角点的提取和帧间匹配,建立了反映着舰靶标上特征点的图像坐标和状态变量之间关系的观测方程,带入扩展卡尔曼滤波器,估测出舰机的相对运动参数.计算机数据仿真和基于DSP平台的半实物仿真试验验证了算法的有效性和鲁棒性.