In situ Lunar Orientation Measurement (ILOM): Simulation of observation

The measurement of the rotation of the Moon is one of the key techniques to get the information of the internal structure. For this purpose, we proposed a small telescope experiment on the surface of the Moon in which motion of stars are utilized for the estimation of the rotation parameter. This paper describes results of simulation of observation, in which star trajectories observed are decomposed to librations, polar motion, and the precession and the amplitude and phase of each component are estimated. The standard deviation of the parameter estimation becomes nearly 1 ms of arc, which will be better than the Lunar Laser Ranging observation. From the viewpoints of accuracy of observation, thermal condition, and electric power generation, the instrument should be placed where the much sunshine is achieved on the lunar polar region.     

月球表面太空风化作用及其效应

太空风化作用普遍发生在月球、小行星等一些无大气层的天体表面, 主要包括太阳风离子辐射和微陨石撞击等作用. 通过对真实月球样品太空风化作用的研究成果以及低能离子和激光照射等地面模拟实验结果的系统综述和分析, 重点分析了月壤颗粒中非晶质层和纳米铁的成因, 指出太空风化研究中存在的太阳风离子辐射和微陨石撞击贡献难以区分及模拟实验模拟效果尚不充分的问题.进而提出月球太空风化研究不能简单套用其他天体的模型, 并建议未来开展更多月球和陨石样品的精细化学分析.      

基于进化策略的月球软着陆探测器轨道设计

应用进化策略和微分修正法建立了一套多约束、多目标条件下的月球软着陆轨道设计方法. 根据中国发射场和火箭运载的实际情况, 给出了软着陆轨道需要满足的过程约束及终端条件, 提出了利用进化策略进行轨道初步设计,通过微分修正法对初步设计结果进行修正的软着陆轨道设计思路, 并采用STK进行了仿真和结果验算. 分析表明, 基于进化策略的初步设计能够为微分修正提供良好的初值, 保证了其收敛性. STK仿真结果验证了设计思路的有效性及结果的正确性. 本文提出的方法能够为月球软着陆轨道设计提供参考.      

Comparison analyses on the 150 × 150 lunar gravity field models by gravity/topography admittance,correlation and precision orbit determination

We analyzed the 150 × 150 lunar gravity field models, LP150Q, GLGM-3 and SGM150, using the power spectrum on the lunar nearside and farside, the lunar global and localized gravity/topography admittance and correlation, and Chang’E-2 precision orbit determination to investigate which model is a more effective tool to estimate geophysical parameters and determine the lunar satellite precision orbit. Results indicate that all gravity field models can be used to estimate the lunar geophysical parameters of the nearside of the Moon. However, SGM150 is better in such computation of the farside. Additionally, SGM150 is shown to be the most useful model for determining the lunar satellite orbit.     

带配平翼月球返回舱跳跃再入轨迹优化设计

为解决小升阻比月球返回舱再入大气层时安全性低、机动能力差的问题,提出采用一种带配平翼的中等升阻比返回舱做为月球采样返回舱,并对动压约束下轨迹优化问题进行了分析。首先介绍了一阶状态变量约束最优控制问题。然后采用庞德里亚金极大值原理以总吸热量最小为优化目标,对动压约束下再入轨道的初始再入段进行了优化设计,给出了升力系数的最优表达式。仿真研究表明,该方法能有效地降低返回舱再入过程中的动压。
     

基于3层B/S结构的月球资源数据库系统的设计与实现

基于3层B/S结构，采用Web技术，在Intranet环境下设计并开发了月球资源数据库系统，该系统实现了月球资源信息的管理，具有高效、使用方便，运行稳定可靠等特点，并具有良好的可扩充性和可维护性。     

定时定点月面着陆全程轨道控制设计

针对定时定点月面着陆的目标要求,提出了全程轨道控制设计方法。进行了包括地月转移、近月制动、环月降轨和动力下降的全程轨道控制的分段设计和联合规划,实现在入轨轨道偏差条件下的定时定点月面着陆。分别构建了中途修正、近月制动、环月降轨三段轨道控制的规划变量和目标参数;根据轨道倾角建立了动力下降点与着陆点的匹配转换关系。设计了中途修正、近月制动、环月降轨、动力下降的全程轨道控制策略的联合规划。建立了着陆位置偏差与轨道倾角偏差、着陆时间偏差与轨道半长轴偏差的修正关系,修正设计了中途修正目标倾角和近月制动目标半长轴。仿真算例表明,在入轨偏差轨道条件下,保证了中途修正后的飞行轨道与标称轨道基本一致,实现了与标称状态基本一致的定时定点月面着陆。可应用于月球着陆、月球采样返回以及载人登月等实施月面定时定点着陆任务的轨道设计和控制实施。     

时间代价启发式多月基装备协同任务规划方法

针对月球科研站构建中优化整体任务用时的需求,提出时间代价启发式多月基装备协同任务规划方法。面向月球科研站构建过程中的原位和路径任务,构建双类型任务关系图,并提出多位置转移时间代价启发式策略引导此图的搜索方向,使规划器沿局部最短耗时任务路径逐个处理任务,降低装备路径转移的时间代价;提出时间代价启发式装备选择策略,从而均衡月基装备任务负载,缩短装备工作时长。最后,以包含资源开采、物料运输、设施建设等任务的月球科研站构建场景为例,对规划算法进行仿真验证。结果表明,此算法能够生成满足复杂约束的多装备协同规划序列。与传统规划方法相比,本文方法得到的月基装备任务序列冗余路径少、任务用时短,可实现多装备在多任务中的高效分时复用。     

嫦娥五号探测器月面铲挖采样前后状态变化分析

为了深入研究月球演化历史以及太空环境对月球土壤的风化影响,需要定量分析月球表面物质与次表层物质的状态差异。研究提出一种依据彩色图像数据分析月壤状态差异的方法,利用嫦娥五号任务采样期间获取的月球表面铲挖前后的图像数据,分析了每次铲挖前后月球表面的图像灰度表现特性等特征,分析结果表明:月球次表层物质的平均反射率小于表面物质,全色谱段中的平均变化率为-24.71%;局部区域的月球表面次表层物质的平均反射特性基本一致,全色谱段中的平均变化率为-0.30%;月球表层颗粒形态与次表层颗粒形态可能不一致;月球表层颗粒与次表层颗粒组成和化学分子结构可能不一致。分析数据表明嫦娥五号采样位置铲挖前后的原态月壤和新鲜月壤存在明显状态差异,研究结果可为我国后续月球采样实施方案的改进提供基础数据。     

Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Overview: The Instrument Suite and Mission

NASA’s Lunar Precursor Robotic Program (LPRP), formulated in response to the President’s Vision for Space Exploration, will execute a series of robotic missions that will pave the way for eventual permanent human presence on the Moon. The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) is first in this series of LPRP missions, and plans to launch in October of 2008 for at least one year of operation. LRO will employ six individual instruments to produce accurate maps and high-resolution images of future landing sites, to assess potential lunar resources, and to characterize the radiation environment. LRO will also test the feasibility of one advanced technology demonstration package. The LRO payload includes: Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) which will determine the global topography of the lunar surface at high resolution, measure landing site slopes, surface roughness, and search for possible polar surface ice in shadowed regions, Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) which will acquire targeted narrow angle images of the lunar surface capable of resolving meter-scale features to support landing site selection, as well as wide-angle images to characterize polar illumination conditions and to identify potential resources, Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector (LEND) which will map the flux of neutrons from the lunar surface to search for evidence of water ice, and will provide space radiation environment measurements that may be useful for future human exploration, Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment (DLRE) which will chart the temperature of the entire lunar surface at approximately 300 meter horizontal resolution to identify cold-traps and potential ice deposits, Lyman-Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP) which will map the entire lunar surface in the far ultraviolet. LAMP will search for surface ice and frost in the polar regions and provide images of permanently shadowed regions illuminated only by starlight. Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER), which will investigate the effect of galactic cosmic rays on tissue-equivalent plastics as a constraint on models of biological response to background space radiation. The technology demonstration is an advanced radar (mini-RF) that will demonstrate X- and S-band radar imaging and interferometry using light weight synthetic aperture radar. This paper will give an introduction to each of these instruments and an overview of their objectives.