树脂基复合材料长时间烧蚀防热的应用研究

介绍了不同再入飞行器热防护材料的特点，指出长时间飞行器对防热层的要求。通过纤维织物改性和树脂基体改性研制了新型防隔热材料，并进行了性能测试和研究。结果表明：新型改性纤维／酚醛复合材料比传统的树脂基防热材料具有更好的隔热性能和抗烧蚀剥蚀性能，能够满足中低焓值、较低热流、烧蚀时间较长（300～700s）防热部件的防隔热要求。     

Adaptive modification of turbofan engine nonlinear model based on LSTM neural networks and hybrid optimization method

An accurate and reliable turbofan engine model which can describe its dynamic behavior within the full flight envelop and lifecycle plays a critical role in performance optimization, controller design and fault diagnosis. However, due to the performance differences caused by the tolerance of engine manufacturing and assembly, and performance degradation during continuously stringent environmental regulations, the model accuracy is severely reduced. In this paper, an adaptive modification method of turbofan engine nonlinear Component-Llevel Model (CLM) based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Neural Network (NN) and hybrid optimization algorithm is pro-posed. First, a dynamic compensator with a combined LSTM NN architecture is constructed to compensate for the initial error between the experimental data and CLM of a turbofan engine under health condition. Then, a sensitivity analysis approach based on the entropy coefficient and technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution integrated evaluation is developed to choose the unmeasurable health parameters to be adjusted. Finally, a parallel hybrid optimization algorithm is developed to complete the adaptive model modification when the performance degrades. The proposed method is verified on a military low-bypass twin-spool turbofan engine, and the experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Development overview of the revised NASA Ultra Long Duration Balloon

The desire for longer duration stratospheric flights at constant float altitudes for heavy payloads has been the focus of the development of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Ultra Long Duration Balloon (ULDB) effort. Recent efforts have focused on ground testing and analysis to understand the previously observed issue of balloon deployment. A revised approach to the pumpkin balloon design has been tested through ground testing of model balloons and through two test flights. The design approach does not require foreshortening, and will significantly reduce the balloon handling during manufacture reducing the chances of inducing damage to the envelope. Successful ground testing of model balloons lead to the fabrication and test flight of a ∼176,000 m³ (∼6.2 MCF – Million Cubic Foot) balloon. Pre-flight analytical predictions predicted that the proposed flight balloon design to be stable and should fully deploy. This paper provides an overview of this first test flight of the revised Ultra Long Duration Balloon design which was a short domestic test flight from Ft. Sumner, NM, USA. This balloon fully deployed, but developed a leak under pressurization. After an extensive investigation to the cause of the leak, a second test flight balloon was fabricated. This ∼176,000 m³ (∼6.2 MCF) balloon was flown from Kiruna, Sweden in June of 2006. Flight results for both test flights, including flight performance are presented.     

2219薄板铝合金浮动式双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接及组织性能分析

以运载火箭助推器贮箱广泛应用的4 mm厚2219薄板铝合金为焊接对象,研制了浮动式双轴肩搅拌头,分析了内部塑性金属流动模式及特点,并推测出需匹配较低焊接热输入才能获得优质焊缝。工艺探索及优化试验结果直接验证了焊缝内部塑性金属流动模式及推测。接头宏观组织形貌分析结果显示:不同焊接速度下的焊缝横截面宏观形貌都可以观察洋葱环特征,且随着焊接速度提高,洋葱环特征越发增多,并从靠近前进侧的焊核区逐渐向后退侧孕育发展,这也有效验证了薄板铝合金双轴肩搅拌头的设计思路。薄板铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头横截面显微硬度分布均呈"U"型,接头显微硬度最低点位于焊核区与后退侧热机影响区的交界处。接头力学性能测试结果显示:随着焊接速度逐渐升高,接头抗拉强度逐渐升高,且当焊接速度达到350 mm/min时,接头抗拉强度达到最高值。铝合金浮动式双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头延伸率整体较高,焊接速度对其影响不大。铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头正、背弯均可以达到180°无裂纹。基于立式纵缝搅拌摩擦焊系统成功实现了2 m长试片的浮动式双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊,累计焊接长度达到60 m,且双轴肩搅拌头完整,未发现裂纹、扭曲或其他损伤。     

树脂基防热材料长时间烧蚀后的变形问题

针对树脂基防热材料长时间烧蚀后变形问题进行了分析,通过对某改性石英纤维织物/酚醛复合材料烧蚀后碳层厚度、不同温度线胀系数及力学性能的测试分析,提出内部热应力是导致材料长时间烧蚀后变形的主要原因.     

涂层材料长时间气动加热实验研究

分两个方面介绍了涂层材料低热流长时间气动加热试验情况.先对涂层材料进行试验筛选,再将性能较好的涂层材料制作成大尺度球锥模型,考核其整体热结构性能及粘接工艺.该试验研究利用了湍流导管试验技术,并将传统的用于高热流、短时间运行的亚声速电弧包罩试验技术拓展到低热流、长时间加热领域,成功进行了小尺度平板模型和大尺度球锥模型的长时间气动加热试验,试验时间达600 s,试验过程中流场参数稳定.试验结果表明,筛选出的涂层材料整体热结构性能及粘接工艺较好.     

The Mars Environment Analogue Platform long duration balloon flight

The MEAP (Mars Environment Analogue Platform) mission was to fly a stratospheric balloon on a semicircular trajectory around the North Pole in summer 2008. The balloon platform carried the high-resolution neutral gas mass spectrometer P-BACE (Polar Balloon Atmospheric Composition Experiment) as scientific payload. MEAP/P-BACE is a joint project between the Esrange Space Center, Sweden, the University of Bern, Switzerland and the Swedish Institute of Space Physics (IRF), Kiruna, Sweden. Mission objectives were to validate the platform for future long duration flights around the North pole, to validate the P-BACE instrument design for planetary mission applications (conditions in the Earth stratosphere are similar to the conditions at the Mars surface), to study variation of the stratospheric composition during the flight and to gain experience in balloon based mass spectrometry. All objectives were fulfilled.     

基于深度学习的辅助动力装置性能参数预测方法研究

针对传统机器学习的辅助动力装置(Auxiliary Power Unit, APU)性能参数预测方法不能充分利用参数数据间的时序性和非线性问题,提出了一种基于卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Network, CNN)-长短期记忆(Long Short-Term Memory, LSTM)-注意力(Attention)的APU性能参数预测方法。首先,引入一维CNN,通过预处理的参数数据得到不同属性的抽象特征。然后,使用LSTM神经网络对这些特征进行记忆,并结合可以对特征状态赋予不同权重的Attention机制来实现参数预测。使用某型APU的参数数据预测未来不同步长的排气温度(Exhaust Gas Temperature, EGT)。实验结果表明,对于单步EGT的预测,CNN-LSTM-Attention模型在平均绝对百分比误差(Mean Absolute Percentage Error, MAPE)指标上比CNN-LSTM、LSTM和简单循环神经网络(Simple Recurrent Neural Network, Simple RNN)模型分别降低了15.2%、32.5%、60.3%,在均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error, RMSE)指标上分别降低了7.3%、11.6%、32.9%。同时它在多步EGT的预测中具有较高的预测精度,证明了该方法的有效性,为短期APU性能变化趋势预测提供一定的参考。     

高总温空气与汽油燃料的旋转爆震验证试验

为验证高总温空气来流条件下汽油燃料旋转爆震的可行性,开展了气液两相旋转爆震发动机试验研究。旋转爆震发动机环形燃烧室外径和内径分别为202mm和166mm,长度为155mm。通过空气加热器模拟高总温空气来流环境,汽油和空气采用分开喷注的方式,分别通过高压喷嘴和环缝进入燃烧室。试验采用垂直安装的预爆震管成功起爆了旋转爆震波,并实现了旋转爆震波的连续稳定传播。试验结果表明：当空气质量流量为1110.0g/s,当量比为0.97,空气总温为713K时,旋转爆震波以双波对撞模态在燃烧室内连续传播,爆震波传播频率为1827.31Hz,与高频压力信号经快速傅里叶变换得到的主频一致,爆震波传播速度为1059.6m/s。在空气质量流量为1110.0g/s,当量比为0.84,空气总温为713K的工况下进行了3s的长程试验,验证了以高总温空气为氧化剂、汽油为燃料的旋转爆震发动机长时间连续稳定工作的可行性,获得的旋转爆震波传播频率为1907.5Hz。     

一种宽带信道群时延测量方法

针对VLBI(Very Long Baseline Interferometry,甚长基线干涉测量)系统直接相位差分法的群时延测量精度与分辨率存在矛盾,以及线性最小二乘拟合法不适用于群时延失真链路的问题,采用一种基于非线性拟合的宽带信道群时延测量方法,对出现的问题进行分析与仿真,同时进行了实验验证并获取到实测数据。仿真表明,基于非线性拟合的宽带信道群时延测量方法适用于非线性相位系统,而且群时延的测量精度优于直接相位差分法2个量级。实测数据表明,在270~370 MHz频段内,传统的直接相位差分法和线性拟合测量法已失效,而该方法群时延的测量精度优于0.1ns,由此验证非线性拟合法能够以较高精度进行附加相位和群时延特性测量。