火箭在地面风作用下的振动载荷识别

将地面风作用下的火箭作为一个非均质变截面梁,研究了非轴对称火箭的任意风向风振载荷识别问题。根据结构风振的特性,引入等效阻力系数和升力系数,利用风载荷作用下火箭的振动加速度或弯矩响应识别等效阻力和升力系数以及归一化随机载荷的功率谱。给出了等效阻力和升力系数与以往风载试验中使用的非定常阻力和升力弯矩系数的关系。     

Low-altitude,near-polar and near-circular orbits around Europa

The dynamics of orbits around planetary satellites, taking into account the gravitational attraction of a third-body and the non-uniform distribution of mass of the planetary satellite, is studied. The Hamiltonian considered is explicitly time-dependent. Conditions for frozen orbits are presented. Low-altitude, near-polar orbits, very desirable for scientific missions to study planetary satellites such as the Jupiter’s moon Europa, are analyzed. Lifetimes for these orbits are computed through the single and double averaged method. Comparison between the results obtained by the single and double averaged method is presented. The single-averaged model is more realistic, since it does not eliminate the term due to the equatorial ellipticity of the planetary satellite as done by the double-averaged problem. Considering the single-averaged method, we found unstable frozen orbits where the satellite does not impact with the surface of Europa for at least 200 days. We present an approach using the unaveraged disturbing potential to analyze the effects of these terms in the amplitude of the eccentricity.     

箔片摩擦效应对转子-箔片轴承系统动力学特性影响试验

为了研究波纹箔片和轴承壳之间的摩擦特性对转子-箔片轴承系统动力学特性的影响,设计了波箔型径向气体箔片轴承-转子试验台,通过在该试验台上对以两组不同轴承壳圆柱孔内表面粗糙度的箔片轴承支承的质量为0.458kg的转子进行转速为0~8000r/min的运行试验,对比分析了波纹箔片与轴承壳内壁之间的摩擦效应对系统转子动力学特性的影响.结果表明:直径为19.98mm的波箔型径向气体箔片轴承能够实现转子高速运行,在转子起飞后具有良好的运行稳定性,其轴承支承处的振动幅值一直维持在20μm附近,并且降低轴承壳内表面粗糙度(摩擦因数)能够让波纹箔片相对容易地在平箔片和轴承壳之间周向滑移,使其吸收并消除转子高频振动,提高转子系统运行稳定性.      

Numerical orbit integration based on Lie series with use of parallel computing techniques

This article outlines necessary steps to perform numerical orbit integrations based on a Lie series approach. Its implementation requires an efficient evaluation of resulting series coefficients. As an example we treat the classical main problem in satellite orbit calculation (_J2$J_2$ only) and the case of a 4×4$4\times 4$-gravity field. All calculations were performed in very high precision with up to 100 significant digits. In comparison to independent third party computations this approach led to superior results referring to the verifiable constancy of various integrals of motion. To achieve a performance similar to classical numerical integrations in terms of acceptable computing time, at least for non-Keplerian motion problems, we exploited parallel computing capabilities. For our examples, run times were improved by several orders of magnitude, depending on the actual chosen precision level (up to a factor of 50,000 in case of double precision). Here we present the mathematical framework of the proposed orbital integration scheme as well as the work flow for its application in a multi-core, parallel computing environment.     

On the effects of each term of the geopotential perturbation along the time I: Quasi-circular orbits

This paper provides a useful new method to determine minimum and maximum range of values for the degree and order of the geopotential coefficients required for simulations of orbits of satellites around the Earth. The method consists in a time integration of the perturbing acceleration coming from each harmonic of the geopotential during a time interval T. More precisely, this integral represents the total velocity contribution of a specific harmonic during the period T  . Therefore, for a pre-fixed minimum contribution, for instance 1×10^-8$1\times {10}^{-8}$ m/s during the period of time T, any harmonic whose contribution is below this value can, safely, be neglected. This fact includes some constraints in the degree and order of the terms which are present in the geopotential formula, saving computational efforts compared to the integration of the full model. The advantage of this method is the consideration of other perturbations in the dynamics (we consider the perturbations of the Sun, the Moon, and the direct solar radiation pressure with eclipses), since these forces affect the value of the perturbation of the geopotential, because these perturbations depend on the trajectory of the spacecraft, that is dependent on the dynamical model used. In this paper, we work with quasi-circular orbits and we present several simulations showing the bounds for the maximum degree and order (M) that should be used in the geopotential for different situations, e. g., for a satellite near 500 km of altitude (like the GRACE satellites at the beginning of their mission) we found 35?M?198$35?M?198$ for T=1$T=1$ day. We analyzed the individual contribution of the second order harmonic (_J2$J_2$) and we use its behavior as a parameter to determine the lower limit of the number of terms of the geopotential model. In order to test the accuracy of our truncated model, we calculate the mean squared error between this truncated model and the “full” model, using the CBERS (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite) satellite in this test.     

一种针对分离模块航天器系统的分层优化方法

针对分离模块航天器系统优化中存在计算量大、算法复杂度高的问题,提出了一种基于分层的分离模块航天器系统优化方法。该方法将系统优化问题分解为三个层次进行,顶层规划模块数和轨道高度,中间层优化组件配置,底层优化运载发射方案。其中顶层嵌套调用中间层,中间层嵌套调用底层,底层直接计算求解最优运载发射方案,避免了直接基于分离模块航天器全寿命周期仿真来优化运载发射方案。应用该方法对虚拟对地遥感分离模块航天器进行优化,结果表明,优化过程简单,计算量小,算法复杂度低,优化效果显著。     

Severe disruption of the cytoskeleton and immunologically relevant surface molecules in a human macrophageal cell line in microgravity—Results of an in vitro experiment on board of the Shenzhou-8 space mission

During spaceflight the immune system is one of the most affected systems of the human body. During the SIMBOX (Science in Microgravity Box) mission on Shenzhou-8, we investigated microgravity-associated long-term alterations in macrophageal cells, the most important effector cells of the immune system. We analyzed the effect of long-term microgravity on the cytoskeleton and immunologically relevant surface molecules. Human U937 cells were differentiated into a macrophageal phenotype and exposed to microgravity or 1g on a reference centrifuge on-orbit for 5 days. After on-orbit fixation, the samples were analyzed with immunocytochemical staining and confocal microscopy after landing. The unmanned Shenzhou-8 spacecraft was launched on board a Long March 2F (CZ-2F) rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center (JSLC) and landed after a 17-day-mission. We found a severely disturbed actin cytoskeleton, disorganized tubulin and distinctly reduced expression of CD18, CD36 and MHC-II after the 5 days in microgravity. The disturbed cytoskeleton, the loss of surface receptors for bacteria recognition, the activation of T lymphocytes, the loss of an important scavenger receptor and of antigen-presenting molecules could represent a dysfunctional macrophage phenotype. This phenotype in microgravity would be not capable of migrating or recognizing and attacking pathogens, and it would no longer activate the specific immune system, which could be investigated in functional assays. Obviously, the results have to be interpreted with caution as the model system has some limitations and due to numerous technical and biological restrictions (e.g. 23 °C and no CO₂ supply during in-flight incubation). All parameter were carefully pre-tested on ground. Therefore, the experiment could be adapted to the experimental conditions available on Shenzhou-8.     

高精度重力场下回归轨道半解析优化设计

为解决太阳同步回归轨道的标称设计问题,提出一种基于高精度重力场的半解析优化方法。建立地球非球形引力摄动阶数为J15 的高精度重力场解析模型,并分离出引力摄动的长期项和长周期项。构建回归轨道从半长轴到平交点周期的对应关系,平交点周期变化随引力摄动阶数的提高而逐渐收敛。通过微分修正迭代算法所确定的半长轴相对于传统J2摄动模型的半长轴确定值具有更高的精度和更好的稳定性。考察摄动短周期项影响下的密切交点周期,结果表明其受初始位置(平近点角)影响较大,变化范围为0.015s,并由此给出精确回归轨道优化设计的基准：不同的初始位置上满足星下点轨迹严格回归的半长轴期望值。     

精密进近阶段的多系统GNSS组合RAIM可用性算法及分析

给出了多系统全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）组合接收机自主完好性监测（ReceiverAutonomousIntegrityMonitoring,RAIM）可用性计算方法,在此基础上利用GPS、GLONASS实测数据与BDS、Galileo全星座仿真数据,分析了BDS、GPS、GLONASS和Galileo不同组合在精密进近阶段的RAIM可用性。通过试验分析发现,BDS的5颗地球同步轨道卫星和3颗倾斜地球同步轨道卫星对亚洲、非洲和欧洲大部分地区的RAIM可用性有很大的贡献。这些地区站星间几何观测结构得到改善,使得RAIM可用性相对于其他地区有很大幅度的提升。在亚太地区APV-I阶段单系统导航情况下,北斗导航系统RAIM可用性达到99.5%,高于其他三个导航系统。在精密进近阶段（APV-I、APV-II和CAT-I）,BDS与其他导航系统（GPS、GLONASS和Galileo）的组合导航可以满足全球大部分区域的RAIM可用性需求,大多可达到100%。     

一种运载火箭上升段轨迹的高精度确定方法

针对运载火箭上升段轨迹建模问题,采用自由节点样条模型描述轨迹变化规律,将轨迹确定中的参数估计转化为对样条函数系数估计,从而大量减少待估参数个数,有效提高参数估计精度。在此基础上,提出利用遗传算法优选测量元素的方法。在基本遗传算法框架下,通过对测量元素进行染色体编码、构造基于加权排序的适应值函数以及设计改进的比例选择算子,对整个测量元素组合空间进行充分搜索寻优。利用典型上升段轨迹和布站对该方法进行数值仿真,结果表明,本文提出的新方法比现有方法的位置确定精度提高了92.0%~94.4%;在均采用自由节点样条模型进行融合轨迹确定时,新方法比典型测元融合解算的位置确定精度也提高了16.4%～88.6%。