Numerical orbit integration based on Lie series with use of parallel computing techniques

This article outlines necessary steps to perform numerical orbit integrations based on a Lie series approach. Its implementation requires an efficient evaluation of resulting series coefficients. As an example we treat the classical main problem in satellite orbit calculation (_J2$J_2$ only) and the case of a 4×4$4\times 4$-gravity field. All calculations were performed in very high precision with up to 100 significant digits. In comparison to independent third party computations this approach led to superior results referring to the verifiable constancy of various integrals of motion. To achieve a performance similar to classical numerical integrations in terms of acceptable computing time, at least for non-Keplerian motion problems, we exploited parallel computing capabilities. For our examples, run times were improved by several orders of magnitude, depending on the actual chosen precision level (up to a factor of 50,000 in case of double precision). Here we present the mathematical framework of the proposed orbital integration scheme as well as the work flow for its application in a multi-core, parallel computing environment.     

Severe disruption of the cytoskeleton and immunologically relevant surface molecules in a human macrophageal cell line in microgravity—Results of an in vitro experiment on board of the Shenzhou-8 space mission

During spaceflight the immune system is one of the most affected systems of the human body. During the SIMBOX (Science in Microgravity Box) mission on Shenzhou-8, we investigated microgravity-associated long-term alterations in macrophageal cells, the most important effector cells of the immune system. We analyzed the effect of long-term microgravity on the cytoskeleton and immunologically relevant surface molecules. Human U937 cells were differentiated into a macrophageal phenotype and exposed to microgravity or 1g on a reference centrifuge on-orbit for 5 days. After on-orbit fixation, the samples were analyzed with immunocytochemical staining and confocal microscopy after landing. The unmanned Shenzhou-8 spacecraft was launched on board a Long March 2F (CZ-2F) rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center (JSLC) and landed after a 17-day-mission. We found a severely disturbed actin cytoskeleton, disorganized tubulin and distinctly reduced expression of CD18, CD36 and MHC-II after the 5 days in microgravity. The disturbed cytoskeleton, the loss of surface receptors for bacteria recognition, the activation of T lymphocytes, the loss of an important scavenger receptor and of antigen-presenting molecules could represent a dysfunctional macrophage phenotype. This phenotype in microgravity would be not capable of migrating or recognizing and attacking pathogens, and it would no longer activate the specific immune system, which could be investigated in functional assays. Obviously, the results have to be interpreted with caution as the model system has some limitations and due to numerous technical and biological restrictions (e.g. 23 °C and no CO₂ supply during in-flight incubation). All parameter were carefully pre-tested on ground. Therefore, the experiment could be adapted to the experimental conditions available on Shenzhou-8.     

On the effects of each term of the geopotential perturbation along the time I: Quasi-circular orbits

This paper provides a useful new method to determine minimum and maximum range of values for the degree and order of the geopotential coefficients required for simulations of orbits of satellites around the Earth. The method consists in a time integration of the perturbing acceleration coming from each harmonic of the geopotential during a time interval T. More precisely, this integral represents the total velocity contribution of a specific harmonic during the period T  . Therefore, for a pre-fixed minimum contribution, for instance 1×10^-8$1\times {10}^{-8}$ m/s during the period of time T, any harmonic whose contribution is below this value can, safely, be neglected. This fact includes some constraints in the degree and order of the terms which are present in the geopotential formula, saving computational efforts compared to the integration of the full model. The advantage of this method is the consideration of other perturbations in the dynamics (we consider the perturbations of the Sun, the Moon, and the direct solar radiation pressure with eclipses), since these forces affect the value of the perturbation of the geopotential, because these perturbations depend on the trajectory of the spacecraft, that is dependent on the dynamical model used. In this paper, we work with quasi-circular orbits and we present several simulations showing the bounds for the maximum degree and order (M) that should be used in the geopotential for different situations, e. g., for a satellite near 500 km of altitude (like the GRACE satellites at the beginning of their mission) we found 35?M?198$35?M?198$ for T=1$T=1$ day. We analyzed the individual contribution of the second order harmonic (_J2$J_2$) and we use its behavior as a parameter to determine the lower limit of the number of terms of the geopotential model. In order to test the accuracy of our truncated model, we calculate the mean squared error between this truncated model and the “full” model, using the CBERS (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite) satellite in this test.     

一种运载火箭上升段轨迹的高精度确定方法

针对运载火箭上升段轨迹建模问题,采用自由节点样条模型描述轨迹变化规律,将轨迹确定中的参数估计转化为对样条函数系数估计,从而大量减少待估参数个数,有效提高参数估计精度。在此基础上,提出利用遗传算法优选测量元素的方法。在基本遗传算法框架下,通过对测量元素进行染色体编码、构造基于加权排序的适应值函数以及设计改进的比例选择算子,对整个测量元素组合空间进行充分搜索寻优。利用典型上升段轨迹和布站对该方法进行数值仿真,结果表明,本文提出的新方法比现有方法的位置确定精度提高了92.0%~94.4%;在均采用自由节点样条模型进行融合轨迹确定时,新方法比典型测元融合解算的位置确定精度也提高了16.4%～88.6%。     

运载火箭推力调节电机驱动反馈信号滤波方法

在运载火箭推力调节系统中,广泛采用基于电流斩波技术的步进电机驱动电路,电机励磁绕组驱动电压的波形随驱动频率的变化呈现出较大差异的振荡状态。本文提出一种采用变频采样技术和固定滤波窗口方案的均值滞回滤波算法,实现在电机驱动频率[800Hz,3200Hz]范围内对电机驱动反馈信号的鲁棒滤波。试验结果表明,该滤波方法能很好地消除反馈信号的振荡状态,可精确实现反馈信号脉冲计数与测频功能,能可靠地应用于运载火箭推力调节系统的故障诊断与遥测等应用场合。     

箔片摩擦效应对转子-箔片轴承系统动力学特性影响试验

为了研究波纹箔片和轴承壳之间的摩擦特性对转子-箔片轴承系统动力学特性的影响,设计了波箔型径向气体箔片轴承-转子试验台,通过在该试验台上对以两组不同轴承壳圆柱孔内表面粗糙度的箔片轴承支承的质量为0.458kg的转子进行转速为0~8000r/min的运行试验,对比分析了波纹箔片与轴承壳内壁之间的摩擦效应对系统转子动力学特性的影响.结果表明:直径为19.98mm的波箔型径向气体箔片轴承能够实现转子高速运行,在转子起飞后具有良好的运行稳定性,其轴承支承处的振动幅值一直维持在20μm附近,并且降低轴承壳内表面粗糙度(摩擦因数)能够让波纹箔片相对容易地在平箔片和轴承壳之间周向滑移,使其吸收并消除转子高频振动,提高转子系统运行稳定性.      

液体运载火箭爆炸冲击波近场危害性定量评估方法研究

嫦娥四号探测器首次采用了我国自主研制的同位素热源装置,为有效评估运载火箭发生爆炸后,爆炸冲击波对同位素热源装置的危害性,解决同位素热源装置安全设计指标确定难题,开展了液体运载火箭爆炸冲击波近场危害性的评估方法研究,提出了适用于液体运载火箭爆炸冲击波近场危害性评估的爆炸当量、爆炸冲击波峰值超压及作用时间的定量评估模型。     

高精度重力场下回归轨道半解析优化设计

为解决太阳同步回归轨道的标称设计问题,提出一种基于高精度重力场的半解析优化方法。建立地球非球形引力摄动阶数为J15 的高精度重力场解析模型,并分离出引力摄动的长期项和长周期项。构建回归轨道从半长轴到平交点周期的对应关系,平交点周期变化随引力摄动阶数的提高而逐渐收敛。通过微分修正迭代算法所确定的半长轴相对于传统J2摄动模型的半长轴确定值具有更高的精度和更好的稳定性。考察摄动短周期项影响下的密切交点周期,结果表明其受初始位置(平近点角)影响较大,变化范围为0.015s,并由此给出精确回归轨道优化设计的基准：不同的初始位置上满足星下点轨迹严格回归的半长轴期望值。     

选择性激光烧结尼龙材料及其挡水板制件性能研究

采用SLS尼龙12设计并成形了某箭体低承载挡水板薄壁结构,重点就SLS尼龙12及其碳纤维增强材料的力学、热学、断口微观形貌以及制件SLS工艺参数进行了研究。研究表明,选用牌号X1556尼龙12作为挡水板材料,其无缺口冲击强度81.2 kJ/m^2,断裂伸长率26.9%,烧结窗口温度差26.0℃,材料具备良好的抗冲击强度、断裂韧性和较宽的烧结窗口温度范围。优化设置成形工艺参数,如预铺粉起始温度为155℃,预铺粉保持温度168℃,加工温度169℃,填充速度4 000 mm/s,成形的挡水板制件外观良好,并且该制件通过了防水及耐热试验考核验证,为SLS尼龙成形技术在航天领域中的拓展应用打下基础。     

GTO发射轨道的两级分解全局优化设计策略

文章提出了包含两级规划、轨道分解优化以及混合遗传算法的GTO发射轨道优化设计策略。针对最优控制变量和总体变量耦合所带来的收敛性差问题 ,建立了两级规划模型 ,其中上面级问题处理总体变量 ,下面级问题处理单独的轨迹控制变量。整个发射轨道优化设计问题被划分成两个轨道段优化设计子问题 ,采用串行混合遗传算法完成子问题的求解。选择一个二级GTO运载火箭 ,进行最大运载能力优化设计 ,对俯仰角选择、发射轨道参数选择等问题进行了分析 ,得出了一些有益的结论。算例分析结果表明所提出的GTO发射轨道优化设计策略的优良性能 ,在运载火箭总体设计中有良好的应用价值。