对我国商业航天测控管理有关问题的初步探讨

国际商业航天的蓬勃发展带动了国内商业航天的兴起。以实现商业卫星高效便捷管理为目的,调研了国内外商业航天与商业航天测控的发展现状,分析了国外商业航天以及商业航天测控发展对我国商业航天测控管理的有关启示,得出了测控管理多元化大势所趋、适度鼓励商业航天测控发展势在必行等结论。同时,对我国商业航天测控管理中加强航天立法、探索商业航天测控管理新模式、加强商业卫星管理服务等问题进行了初步探讨,建议从国家层面、行业规范层面制定航天法规,卫星任务中心应支持对外联网,并加强商业航天测控地面站的国际合作,从而提高商业卫星频率、轨位、空间目标编目、发射与回收等管理服务能力。     

大型商用飞机炭刹车盘材料的应用进展

炭刹车盘材料具有质量轻、摩擦特性好、使用寿命长、吸热能力高等一系列优良特性。从20世纪70年代问世以来,炭刹车盘复合材料的研制和应用总共经历了五代发展历程,已经成为商用飞机炭刹车副的首选材料,被广泛应用于空客和波音系列飞机。经过几十年的发展,国内炭刹车材料取得了长足的发展,已经作为PMA件应用于B757和A320机型,...     

Comparative study of foF2 measurements with IRI-2007 model predictions during extended solar minimum

The unusually deep and extended solar minimum of cycle 23/24 made it very difficult to predict the solar indices 1 or 2 years into the future. Most of the predictions were proven wrong by the actual observed indices. IRI gets its solar, magnetic, and ionospheric indices from an indices file that is updated twice a year. In recent years, due to the unusual solar minimum, predictions had to be corrected downward with every new indices update. In this paper we analyse how much the uncertainties in the predictability of solar activity indices affect the IRI outcome and how the IRI values calculated with predicted and observed indices compared to the actual measurements. Monthly median values of F2 layer critical frequency (foF2) derived from the ionosonde measurements at the mid-latitude ionospheric station Juliusruh were compared with the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-2007) model predictions. The analysis found that IRI provides reliable results that compare well with actual measurements, when the definite (observed and adjusted) indices of solar activity are used, while IRI values based on earlier predictions of these indices noticeably overestimated the measurements during the solar minimum. One of the principal objectives of this paper is to direct attention of IRI users to update their solar activity indices files regularly. Use of an older index file can lead to serious IRI overestimations of F-region electron density during the recent extended solar minimum.     

F-region ionospheric parameters observed in the equatorial and low latitude regions during medium solar activity in the Brazilian sector and comparison with the IRI-2007 model results

The ionospheric sounding observations using the Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosondes (CADIs) operational at Palmas (PAL; 10.2°S, 48.2°W; dip latitude 6.6°S; a near-equatorial station), and São José dos Campos (SJC, 23.2°S, 45.9°W; dip latitude 17.6°S; a low-latitude station located under the southern crest of the equatorial ionospheric anomaly), Brazil, are analyzed during the different seasons viz., winter (June and July 2003), spring (September and October 2003), summer (December 2003 and January 2004), and fall (March and April 2004). The period used has medium solar activity (sunspot number between 77.4 and 39.3). The seasonal mean variations (using only geomagnetically quiet days) of the ionospheric parameters foF2 (critical frequency of the F-region), hpF2 (virtual height at 0.834 foF2; considered to be close to hmF2 (peak height of the F-region)), and h’F (minimum virtual height of the F-region) are calculated and compared between PAL and SJC. The prominent differences between PAL and SJC are as follows: h’F variations show strong post-sunset enhancement at PAL during the seasons of spring, summer, and fall; hpF2 variations show pre-sunrise uplifting of the F-layer at both stations during all the seasons and the hpF2 values during the daytime are lower at SJC compared with PAL during all the seasons; the foF2 variations show mid-day bite-out at PAL during all the seasons and SJC shows strong equatorial ionospheric anomaly during summer and fall seasons. Also, the seasonal variations of the ionospheric parameters foF2 and hpF2 (with ±1 standard deviation) observed at PAL and SJC are compared with the IRI-2007 model results of foF2 and hmF2. In addition, variations of the foF2 and hpF2 observed at SJC are compared with the IRI-2001 model results of foF2 and hmF2. It should be pointed out that the ionospheric parameter hpF2 is much easier to obtain using computer program developed at UNIVAP compared with hmF2 (using POLAN program). During the daytime due to underlying ionization hpF2 estimated is higher (approximately 50 km) than the true peak height hmF2. During the nighttime hpF2 is fairly close to hmF2. The comparison between the foF2 variations observed at PAL and SJC with the IRI-2007 model results shows a fairly good agreement during all the seasons. However, the comparison between the hpF2 variations observed at PAL and SJC with the hmF2 variations with the IRI-2007 model results shows: (1) a fairly good agreement during the nighttime in all the seasons; (2) the model results do not show the pre-sunrise uplifting of the F-layer at PAL and SJC in any season; (3) the model results do not show the post-sunset uplifting of the F-layer at PAL; (4) considering that, in general, hpF2 is higher than hmF2 during the daytime by about 50 km, the model results are in good agreement at PAL and SJC during all the seasons except summer at SJC, when large discrepancies in the observed hpF2 and modeled hmF2 are observed. Also, it has been observed that, in general, hmF2 values for SJC calculated using IRI-2001 are higher than IRI-2007 during the daytime in winter, summer, and fall. However, hmF2 values for SJC calculated using IRI-2001, are lower than IRI-2007 during the nighttime in spring.     

国际空间站哥伦布舱系统级环境控制系统试验

介绍了国际空间站哥伦布舱的系统级环境控制系统试验。该试验既没有使用大型真空设备也没有使用太阳模拟器或红外灯等外热流模拟设施,而是直接在总装大厅的大气环境下实施。试验工况包括发射、正常和故障运行等模式。试验有效验证了哥伦布舱集成全局热数学模型,以及主动热控系统和环境控制与生命保障系统的接口关系。     

FEM Analysis of Spring-backs in Age Forming of Aluminum Alloy Plates

The age forming technology, characterized by huge spring-backs, has been developed to manufacture large integral wing-skin panel parts, which necessitates devising a method of predicting spring-backs. A 7B04-T7451 aluminum alloy creep test in tension is accomplished at 155 ℃, and the creep curves are obtained. The material constants of the mechanism-based creep constitutive equations are determined through experiments. The age forming process and the spring-backs of 7B04 aluminum alloy plates are analyzed using the commercial finite element software ABAQUS. The effects of plate thickness and forming time on spring-backs are researched. The spring-backs decrease with the increase of plate thickness and forming time. The test results verify the reliability of the finite element method （FEM） analysis.     

国际空间站鉴定和验收环境试验要求与GJB 1027A对比及分析

文章介绍了国际空间站组件鉴定环境试验与验收环境试验的主要项目及内容,并且与GJB 1027A—2005组件鉴定环境试验与验收环境试验进行了比较与分析。     

国外中继卫星对航天器交会对接的测控通信支持

中继卫星系统的天基测控通信是近代航天技术的重大突破,它能够有效地满足航天器交会对接的测控通信需要。文章分析了美国＂跟踪与数据中继卫星系统＂（TDRSS）和欧洲＂阿特米斯＂（ARTEMIS）中继卫星对＂自动转移飞行器＂（ATV）与＂国际空间站＂（ISS）交会对接任务的测控通信支持,总结了国外中继卫星系统支持航天器交会对接...     

国有商业银行经济效益下降的原因及对策

在银行向商业化转轨的过程中，由于受体制及管理方式等因素的影响，致使国有商业银行的经营规模与经济效益未能同步增长，在局部地区甚至出现了亏损。为了正确认识和解决这一问题，在分析国有商业银行经济效益下降主要原因的基础上，提出了相应的对策。这些对策包括：强化国有商业银行管理机制；建立国有商业银行的风险防范机制；改革呆坏帐核消方法；强化银行内部管理等。     

地磁长期变化引起的低高度卫星轨道辐射带粒子环境的变化

利用IGRF2000模式计算了几个典型轨道辐射带粒子环境并与IGRF1970模式计算的结果进行了比较。计算结果表明，在辐射带的低部，对应某些倾角的能量大于0．1MeV质子的轨道积分通量变化达到2个量级，而通量大10MeV的辐射带质子的轨道积分通量变化达到1个量级；轨道积分通量的最大值变化为1个量级。能量大于0．04MeV辐射带电子的轨道积分通量变化在某些倾角达到3个量级，但轨道积分最大值的变化低于1个量级。1000km以上高度辐射带粒子环境的变化很小。