倾斜轨道航天器太阳翼对日跟踪方法探讨

目前我国大多数低轨道航天器均采用太阳同步轨道,但随着科学应用领域需求的不断增长,许多任务提出采用倾斜轨道对实现某种特定的任务目标具有更多的优势。但太阳翼光照条件恶劣在一定程度上制约了对倾斜轨道的应用。文章以此为背景对倾斜轨道航天器在轨光照特性进行深入分析,并在此基础上分别提出惯性定向和对地定向两种航天器太阳翼对日跟踪的若干种方法,并模拟在轨受照环境对其进行了仿真。结果表明,文章提出的若干种跟踪方案能够很好地改善太阳翼的光照条件,至少与地方时上午10点钟太阳同步轨道相当,甚至可以实现垂直跟踪。提出的思路与方法可为长寿命倾斜轨道航天器的总体设计提供参考。     

航天器机械臂柔性力控辅助装配方法

文章从装配的实际需求出发,提出一种航天器机械臂柔性力控辅助装配方法:通过在机械臂末端法兰与负载之间安装的六维力传感器感知作用力与力矩信息,人手直接作用于机械臂末端的负载,系统通过负载的重力补偿算法获得人手作用的力与力矩信息,而后以力/力矩信息作为输入来控制机械臂进行移动或转动,使负载柔性跟随人手运动。文章给出了装配方法的详细设计方案与相关算法,并进行了初步试验验证。试验表明,该装配方法可以有效提高在航天器狭小空间内进行大重量工件安装的效率,且安全可靠。     

电磁航天器编队悬停鲁棒协同控制方法

针对电磁航天器编队近地轨道悬停问题,提出一种在缺少参考轨道准确信息时的协同控制方法。用TH方程描述航天器间的相对运动,选择与参考轨道同周期的圆轨道为标称轨道。将参考轨道相对于标称圆轨道的偏差、地球非球形引力、大气阻力及其他天体引力等参数单独归类,视其为不确定量,构成不确定系统。通过引入一致性理论,在电磁作用模型和动力学方程均存在不确定性的条件下,针对航天器编队悬停的目标设计了鲁棒协同控制律。考虑能量消耗最优和均衡以及轨道姿态解耦,给出了通过优化进行磁矩配置的方案。仿真结果表明,所设计的鲁棒协同控制律能够实现编队电磁航天器高精度悬停,所给出的磁矩配置方案能够实现磁矩的合理分配。      

Autonomous navigation of formation flying spacecrafts in deep space exploration and communication by hybrid navigation utilizing neural network filter

Autonomous navigation of spacecrafts is a difficult task, however, which is a must in future deep space exploration. With multiple spacecrafts flying in space, this aim can be achieved by formation flying spacecraft (FFS) utilizing inverse time difference of arrival (ITDOA) and inverse difference Doppler (IDD) methods, which can locate the position of earth-station from one-way uplink signals in the FFS coordinate, and by way of conversion of coordinates, the position of FFS is achieved in earth-centered earth-fixed (ECEF) coordinate. The ability of neural network (NN) filter in navigation to extract position of spacecrafts from random measuring noise of signal arrival time and Doppler shift is studied with different radius of FFS and surveying parameters. The NN filter used by spacecraft group is new way of unidirectional autonomous navigation and is of high precision of hybrid navigation.     

Piloted operations at a near-Earth object (NEO)

In late 2006, NASA's Constellation Program sponsored a study to examine the feasibility of sending a piloted Orion spacecraft to a near-Earth object. NEOs are asteroids or comets that have perihelion distances less than or equal to 1.3 astronomical units, and can have orbits that cross that of the Earth. Therefore, the most suitable targets for the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) are those NEOs in heliocentric orbits similar to Earth's (i.e. low inclination and low eccentricity). One of the significant advantages of this type of mission is that it strengthens and validates the foundational infrastructure of the United States Space Exploration Policy and is highly complementary to NASA's planned lunar sortie and outpost missions circa 2020. A human expedition to a NEO would not only underline the broad utility of the Orion CEV and Ares launch systems, but would also be the first human expedition to an interplanetary body beyond the Earth–Moon system. These deep space operations will present unique challenges not present in lunar missions for the onboard crew, spacecraft systems, and mission control team. Executing several piloted NEO missions will enable NASA to gain crucial deep space operational experience, which will be necessary prerequisites for the eventual human missions to Mars.Our NEO team will present and discuss the following:

• new mission trajectories and concepts;

• operational command and control considerations;

• expected science, operational, resource utilization, and impact mitigation returns; and

• continued exploration momentum and future Mars exploration benefits.

斜向弹性支撑飞船座椅缓冲性能

当出现具有较大水平速度的斜冲击着陆工况时,飞船座椅头盆向冲击过载可能危及航天员生命安全。在现有的胸背向着陆冲击过载缓冲机构的基础上,引入座椅斜向弹性支撑模型,建立了斜向弹性支撑座椅缓冲系统的动力学模型。对具有较大水平速度的斜冲击着陆工况的仿真结果表明,相比于现有的铰接支撑缓冲系统,适当参数组合下的斜向弹性支撑座椅缓冲系统能有效降低航天员头盆向冲击过载且不增加胸背向冲击过载;综合支撑角度、刚度和阻尼各个参数影响规律,可以得到优化的座椅设计方案。     

自由漂浮机械臂抓取翻滚目标的自适应控制策略

提出了一种自由漂浮机械臂抓取翻滚目标的自适应控制策略.抓取翻滚目标要求自由漂浮机械臂具有很强的轨迹跟踪能力,但是自由漂浮机械臂本身以及目标所存在的运动学和动力学参数不确定性使基于模型的控制器性能急剧下降,甚至变得不稳定.通过对参数的自适应逐步改善基于模型的控制器的性能,并且提出了一种新的自由漂浮机械臂关节空间自适应控制器.最后通过数值仿真对所提出的自适应控制策略进行了验证.     

智能气囊缓冲器在航天器回收着陆中的应用探讨

文章提出将智能气囊技术应用于飞船返回舱座椅作为返回落地缓冲,设计了智能气囊缓冲器方案,并论述了智能气囊缓冲器在飞船座椅上应用的可行性。与胀环式机械缓冲器比较,智能气囊保持了较高的缓冲效率,同时可使航天员受到的冲击过载特性曲线更加平坦,从而提高航天员着陆的安全性和舒适性。     

航天器动力学环境试验故障诊断专家系统

文章概述了对卫星及星上组件进行振动环境试验现有的故障诊断方法,并阐述了建立经济、有效的航天器故障诊断专家系统的重要性。提出了航天器故障诊断专家系统的研究方案,并通过对卫星结构模型的应用,验证了将小波系数作为故障诊断特征向量的可行性。利用此系统可在航天器研发过程中提高航天器结构的可靠性,缩减用于排查故障的时间与财力,缩短卫星研制周期。     

面向在轨服务遥操作技术的研究与展望

回顾了面向在轨服务遥操作技术的发展现状。针对现代航天器对在轨服务的技术需求,分别从系统结构与体系结构、控制模式、控制技术等方面论述了面向在轨服务遥操作技术需要研究的主要关键技术问题。最后,对遥操作技术的未来发展进行了展望。