飞行器轨迹优化方法综述

飞行器轨迹优化是飞行器总体设计的关键环节,特别是在现代空间飞行器和高超声速飞行器设计过程中发挥着重要作用.在全面调研国内外现有轨迹优化技术的基础上,提出了飞行器轨迹优化新的分类方式,概述了多种飞行器轨迹优化的原理和应用,并详细分析了各自的优缺点和发展趋势.最后介绍了现在实际应用的多种轨迹优化软件.     

Feasibility of performing space surveillance tasks with a proposed space-based optical architecture

Under ESA contract an industrial consortium including Aboa Space Research Oy (ASRO), the Astronomical Institute of the University of Bern (AIUB), and the Dutch National Aerospace Laboratory (NLR), proposed the observation concept, developed a suitable sensor architecture, and assessed the performance of a space-based optical (SBO) telescope in 2005. The goal of the SBO study was to analyse how the existing knowledge gap in the space debris population in the millimetre and centimetre regime may be closed by means of a passive optical instrument. The SBO instrument was requested to provide statistical information on the space debris population in terms of number of objects and size distribution. The SBO instrument was considered to be a cost-efficient with 20 cm aperture and 6° field-of-view and having flexible integration requirements. It should be possible to integrate the SBO instrument easily as a secondary payload on satellites launched into low-Earth orbits (LEO), or into geostationary orbit (GEO). Thus the selected mission concept only allowed for fix-mounted telescopes, and the pointing direction could be requested freely. Since 2007 ESA focuses space surveillance and tracking activities in the Space Situational Awareness (SSA) preparatory program. Ground-based radars and optical telescopes are studied for the build-up and maintenance of a catalogue of objects. In this paper we analyse how the proposed SBO architecture could contribute to the space surveillance tasks survey and tracking. We assume that the SBO instrumentation is placed into a circular sun-synchronous orbit at 800 km altitude. We discuss the observation conditions of objects at higher altitude, and select an orbit close to the terminator plane. A pointing of the sensor orthogonal to the orbital plane with optimal elevation slightly in positive direction (0° and +5°) is found optimal for accessing the entire GEO regime within one day, implying a very good coverage of controlled objects in GEO, too. Simulations using ESA’s Program for Radar and Optical Observation Forecasting (PROOF) in the version 2005 and a GEO reference population extracted from DISCOS revealed that the proposed pointing scenario provides low phase angles together with low angular velocities of the objects crossing the field-of-view. Radiometric simulations show that the optimal exposure time is 1–2 s, and that spherical objects in GEO with a diameter of below 1 m can be detected. The GEO population can be covered under proper illumination nearly completely, but seasonal drops of the coverage are possible. Subsequent observations of objects are on average at least every 1.5 days, not exceeding 3 days at maximum. A single observation arc spans 3° to 5° on average. Using a simulation environment that connects PROOF to AIUB’s program system CelMech we verify the consistency of the initial orbit determination for five selected test objects on subsequent days as a function of realistic astrometric noise levels. The initial orbit determination is possible. We define requirements for a correlator process essential for catalogue build-up and maintenance. Each single observation should provide an astrometric accuracy of at least 1”–1.5” so that the initially determined orbits are consistent within a few hundred kilometres for the semi-major axis, 0.01 for the eccentricity, and 0.1° for the inclination.     

一种月球软着陆参考轨迹解析算法研究

使用了高度和航向航程匹配求解推重比的算法,解决了一种无直接解析解的参考轨迹的求解问题.在数值仿真的基础上,简化了参考轨迹的求解,给出了推重比与高度和航向航程的关系,以及这些关系存在的原因.应用Monte Carlo仿真法对该方法求解的可行性进行了仿真验证,并基于一个类Apollo的参考轨迹,验证了算法对参数分布引起的状态不定具有鲁棒性.     

Clipper“快船”概念气动特性初探

设计新型高效低廉的运输工具,把有效载荷送入近地轨道是人们不断追求的目标.已成功实现载人天地往返的运输工具包括研制周期长、造价昂贵的可重复使用航天飞机和结构简单、一次性使用的载人飞船两类.为进一步降低发射成本,设计介于航天飞船和航天飞机之间的新型飞行器,集飞船和航天飞机特点于一体的升力再入飞船返回舱也许更为切实可行.俄罗斯联邦空问局提出的可多次使用"快船"概念值得关注,其升阻比高、机动性强、稳定性好、过载低、空间大、成本低,而且可以部分重复使用,代表了未来低成本天地往返运输系统的重要发展方向.     

一种非链式非完整球形机器人的反步轨迹跟踪控制器(英文)

Spherical robot has good static and dynamic stability, which provides it with strong viability in hostile environment, but the lack of effective control methods has hindered its application and development. This article deals with the dynamic trajectory tracking problem of the spherical robot BHQ-2 designed for unmanned environment exploration. The dynamic model of the spherical robot is established with a simplified Boltzmann-Hamel equation, based on which a trajectory tracking controller is designed by using the back-stepping method. The convergence of the controller is proved with the Lyapunov stability theory. Numerical simulations show that with the controller the robot can globally and asymptotically track desired trajectories, both linear and circular.     

基于标准弹道点的最优制导方法

由于基于需要速度的显式制导方法要确定虚拟目标点,虚拟目标点的确定要对地球扁率和再入阻力的影响进行修正,存在着百米以上的修正误差,为此提出了基于标准弹道点的最优制导方法,即将标准弹道的某点作为目标点进行需要椭圆轨道计算及最优入轨控制。提供了采用弹上迭代制导方法实现最优控制,同时给出了预测关机参数的需要椭圆轨道终端约束校正方法。该制导方法无需进行地球扁率和再入阻力的影响修正,可以减少方法误差,仿真计算证明了这一点。     

基于蛇行变轨的反舰导弹末制导律研究

提出了一种超声速反舰导弹针对海面机动目标的主动蛇行变轨导引设计方案。首先建立了反舰导弹、拦截弹和舰艇在航向平面的运动几何关系模型,然后基于Terminal滑模控制的思想进行了制导律设计,采用约束视线角和视线角速度的方法使反舰导弹在打击舰艇的过程中实现蛇行变轨,以能够规避敌方拦截导弹。仿真结果表明,该制导律具有期望的性能要求。     

High-precision shape approximation low-thrust trajectory optimization method satisfying bi-objective index

The shape approximation method has been proven to be rapid and practicable in resolving low-thrust trajectory; however, it still faces the challenges of large deviation from the optimal solution and inability to satisfy the specific flight time and fuel mass constraints. In this paper, a modified shape approximation low-thrust model is presented, and a novel constrained optimization algorithm is developed to solve this problem. The proposed method aims at settling the bi-objective optimization o...     

高超声速飞行器滑行段最优弹道的间接算法

针对高超声速飞行器滑行段非线性程度高的特点,提出了逐步细分的参数法优化策略,采用序列二次规划(SQP)算法得到了问题的次优解.在此基础上,构建了原系统的等价系统,并给出了两个系统协态变量之间的关系,提出了沿次优弹道的分段打靶法,求解等价系统的两点边值问题(TPBVP) 后,经转化得到了原问题的最优解.优化结果表明,采用逐步细分的优化策略能克服优化算法对初值敏感的缺点,快速稳定地收敛到问题的解,沿次优弹道的分段打靶法更能适应非线性程度高的系统.     

飞机最短时间爬升轨迹的格点搜寻算法

以飞机在垂直平面的运动方程为基础,采用线性时间负荷控制的飞行模式,提出了求解飞机最短时间爬升轨迹的格点搜寻算法.该方法视飞机为一质点,以此为基础计算出每个相邻格点的时间间隔,最后用h×Ma格点数搜寻法求出飞机最短时间爬升的最优轨迹.数字仿真表明,在规定的爬升范围内用格点搜寻算法可以实现快速的时间响应,得到的最优轨迹能够准确地跟踪设定的性能指标.