扩压段对高超声速推进风洞起动的影响

高超声速推进风洞是进行超燃冲压发动机模型地面模拟的重要试验设备。其中,扩压段的设计非常重要,它不是孤立的,而与主流系统和引射系统密切相关。通过对不同几何形状的扩压段在不同安装位置进行调试,研究在风洞起动过程中整个系统流动状态的演变规律,探索扩压段的优化设计。实验表明,扩压段应安装在距主喷管较近的位置,并具有与主喷管相匹配的入口面积和形状。扩压段的形状应设计成能使主气流通过一系列斜激波串减速的通道。扩压段应具有一定的长度以保证主气流减速到一定程度。     

Kevlar层合板超高速撞击数值建模及参数识别

针对Kevlar层合板在超高速撞击条件下的力学特性的复杂性及参数不准确对数值仿真的不利影响,提出一种使用正交各向异性本构模型,Chang-Chang复合材料失效模型和有限元方法对Kevlar层合板的超高速撞击力学特性进行建模并运用连续响应面技术对材料失效模型参数进行识别的方法.然后使用该方法建立了与现有文献中的试验工况相对应的数值模型,并把Kevlar层合板材料失效模型的4个参数作为优化变量,以仿真结果与试验结果的二乘残差最小作为优化目标,使用连续响应面技术建立参数优化模型,由此识别这些参数.结果表明,该建模方法能正确描述Kevlar层合板的超高速撞击力学特性,采用识别后的参数进行仿真计算可以显著提高数值模型的仿真精度.     

Impact effects from small size meteoroids and space debris

When the impact risk from meteoroids and orbital debris is assessed the main concern is usually structural damage. With their high impact velocities of typically 10–20 km/s millimeter or centimeter sized objects can puncture pressure vessels and other walls or lead to destruction of complete subsystems or even whole spacecraft. Fortunately chances of collisions with such larger objects are small (at least at present). However, particles in the size range 1–100 μm are far more abundant than larger objects and every orbiting spacecraft will encounter them with certainty. Every solar cell (8 cm² area) of the Hubble Space Telescope encountered on average 12 impacts during its 8.25 years of space exposure. Most were from micron sized particles.     

球形弹丸高速撞击航天器防护结构的数值模拟分析

给出了空间碎片超高速撞击航天器双层防护结构模型，采用非线性有限元方法中的光滑粒子流体动力算法，计算了球形弹丸对航天器双层防护墙结构超高速撞击过程，获得了弹丸穿过第一层防护墙后，碎裂形成颗粒云团及其对第二层防护墙的损伤效应。计算结果表明多层防护墙结构能够有效地缓减高速空间碎片对航天器的破坏作用。     

Response of a pentagonal PZT element as a component of a 4π-real-time detector

The detector characteristics of a pentagonal element were studied by colliding it with hypervelocity micro-particles. A charge-sensitive amplifier was developed for the element of its capacitance ∼10 nF. The output amplitudes were expressed as a linear function of the momentum at collision. Empirical formulas obtained from on-ground experiments could be used for the calibration of the detector. The pentagonal element was potential to measure the momentum during collision from the output amplitude. A set of electrodes on the surface was used to confirm the measurement of the coordinates at collision. A possible application of this pentagonal element on a real-time dust detector was discussed.     

高速粒子斜撞击下LF6合金薄靶的损伤行为

研究了LF6合金薄靶在GCr15高速粒子斜撞击下的损伤行为。研究表明 ,薄靶的损伤行为随粒子速度和入射角度的不同而不同。当粒子入射角α小于某一临界入射角αc 时 ,粒子在靶材的表面会发生跳弹现象 ,如果粒子在碰撞时粉碎 ,一部分粒子碎片可能击穿薄靶 ,一部分粒子碎片可能在靶材表面发生弹跳现象。发生跳弹现象的临界入射角度αc 随粒子速度v0 的增大而减少。当α >αc 时 ,高速粒子在LF6合金靶表面不会发生跳弹现象 ,粒子或击穿薄靶或嵌入到靶材中。发生跳弹现象时 ,LF6薄靶表现出不击穿、极限不击穿和被击穿三种损伤形式     

航天器解体模型研究综述

对国外航天器解体模型的发展历史、研究现状、数据来源、试验方法和关键技术等进 行了介绍与总结。其中着重介绍了目前使用比较广泛的NASA
EVOLVE4.0解体模型,以及针对此模型而开展的SOCIT4卫星碰撞试验。对国外目前的航天器 解体模型的优点和不足进行了分析,并对发展解体模型所涉及的关键技术,如超高速发射技 术、碎片软回收技术和碎片特性测量技术等进行了介绍。最后,对于在我国开展航天器解体 模型研究提出了建议。     

Analysis of space debris impact source localization based on PVDF piezoelectric film

As the pace of human exploration and utilization of space continues to accelerate, space debris gradually becomes an inevitable problem affecting and threatening human space activities. When space debris strikes the spacecraft bulkhead, determining the impact source location timely and accurately is the foundation of the repair damage, and is also of great importance for the safety of astronauts' life. This paper analyzed the wave propagation law in thin plates, established a lightweight sensor array using PVDF (Polyvinylidene fluoride) circular thin-film sensors, and used a two-stage light-gas gun loading system to conduct hypervelocity collision localization experiments on impacting 2A12 aluminum plates to study the effects of sensor array radius and sensor size on localization results. The results show that the smaller the radius of the PVDF sensor array is, the more accurate the positioning result is under the premise of the same size of the PVDF circular film sensor array. On the premise of the same PVDF sensor array arrangement, the larger the PVDF circular membrane sensor is, the more accurate the positioning result is. ABAQUS finite element software is used to study the stress wave propagation of aluminum ball impacting aluminum plate at high speed, simulating space debris impacting spacecraft. The stress waveform obtained from the simulation is in good agreement with the experiment, which shows the accuracy of the numerical simulation method.     

Asteroid interception and disruption for terminal planetary defense

Modern techniques for planetary defense from comets and asteroids involve the deflection of the bolide via kinetic, gravitational, ablative, or radiative means. While potentially effective, none of these methods are capable of operating in a terminal interdiction mode wherethe threat is discovered with little time prior to impact. We present a practical and effective method for planetary defense which enables extremely short interdiction time scales, but can also operate within longer time scales and can be effective for extremely large threats. Called PI (“Pulverize It”), the method makes use of an array of hypervelocity penetrators which uses the kinetic energy of the asteroid or comet to disrupt it. In the terminal interdiction mode, the fragments of maximum $～10$ m diameter disperse laterally as they continue towards the Earth, and then enter the Earth’s atmosphere where they burn up as a series of airburst events which spatially and temporally de-correlate the energy of the original parent bolide for any arbitrary observer on the ground in the form of acoustical shockwaves and optical pulses. We show that terminal interdiction modes ranging from 2 minutes prior to impact for 20-meter class bolides (such as the Chelyabinsk asteroid), 1 day prior to impact for 100 m-class asteroids, 10 days prior to impact for Apophis-class asteroids ($～370$ m), and even 60 days prior to impact for 1 km-class threats are all possible, though longer warning times are always preferred. Using only technologies readily available today, the PI method allows for a cost-effective and practical roadmap towards robust planetary defense capability.