Debris area distribution of spacecraft under hypervelocity impact

Cross-sectional area is an important parameter for spacecraft breakup debris as it is the directly measured data in space observation. It is significant for observing and analysing the spacecraft breakup event to accurately modelling the area distribution of the breakup debris. In this paper, experimental study has been performed on debris area distribution characteristics of spacecraft under hypervelocity impact. The tests are carried out at the ballistic ranges of CARDC. Aluminium projectiles are launched to normally impact the simulated spacecrafts at about 3.0 km/s. The simulated spacecrafts are made up of aluminium plates, filled with some simulated electronics boxes, each of which was installed with a circuit board. “Soft-catch” devices are used to recover the breakup fragments. The test results show that: 1) the relationship between the cross-sectional area and the characteristic length of debris, which can be obtained in the logarithmic coordinates by linear fitting, represents the debris shape characteristic in a certain extent; 2) the area-to-mass ratios of fragments show normal distributions in the logarithmic coordinates; 3) debris made of different materials can be distinguished by different peaks on the distribution curves; 4) the area-to-mass ratio distributions can be expressed by a linear superimposition of several normal functions which represent the main materials of the spacecraft.     

Whipple防护屏弹道极限参数试验

在中国空气动力研究与发展中心FD-18A超高速碰撞靶上进行了Whipple防护屏的超高速撞击试验。弹丸为LY12铝球,撞击速度为4.5km/s,撞击角为0°。通过固定弹丸速度、变弹丸直径、寻找弹丸临界直径的办法获得了该Whipple防护屏在试验条件下的弹道极限参数。试验结果表明速度为4.5km/s时的弹丸临界直径为0.35cm,大于用Christiansen方程预测的0.27cm。     

基于PVDF敏感器的空间碎片撞击航天器感知定位技术

从理论和实验两个方面开展了基于PVDF(Polyvinylidene Fluoride)压电薄膜敏感器的空间碎片撞击航天器感知定位技术研究,分析了基于双曲线理论的定位方法,并在理论分析的基础上,利用气枪和超高速弹道靶分别开展了平面铝板、曲面铝板等单层结构和Whipple结构下的验证实验。弹丸速度范围100m/s-3km/s,实验靶材为2mm厚的单层铝板和铝板厚为1mm、前后间距为10cm的Whipple结构,靶材上安装了4个PVDF传感器。研究结果表明：基于PVDF传感器的感知定位技术可实现空间碎片撞击航天器的位置定位,是一种可应用于航天器在轨感知空间碎片撞击系统的可选技术。     

一种新的卫星超高速撞击解体阈值模型研究

为定量描述卫星在超高速撞击下的解体阈值与解体程度,本文提出了一种新的卫星解体阈值模型,即用能量密度em(来袭物动能与卫星在撞击通道内的质量之比)的大小来判断卫星是否发生解体,用卫星解体后碎片累积质量统计曲线中平滑无突变部分的碎片质量与碎片总质量之比μc来描述卫星的解体程度,μc越大,卫星解体程度越高。采用数值仿真方法获得了卫星最小解体撞击能量密度阈值为3.62×102J/g,研究了不同em和不同η(卫星在撞击通道内的质量与卫星总质量之比)条件下卫星解体碎片的统计规律,建立了μc与em和η之间的函数关系,初步完成了这种新的卫星超高速撞击解体阈值模型的构建。     

铝合金平板超高速撞击声发射信号S2模态特征分析

对铝合金平板上形成的超高速撞击(HVI)声发射(AE)信号S2模态的特征进行研究,分析其与损伤模式之间的关系。以3 mm厚5A06铝合金平板为研究对象,通过数值仿真获得不同撞击工况下的超高速撞击声发射信号,提取信号中的S2模态,并分析其幅值、能量、频谱等特征。结果表明,S2模态能量随传播距离呈指数衰减;分别随撞击弹丸直径和撞击速度的增加先下降后上升,且在弹丸直径与靶板厚度相近、临界撞击速度时最低。S2模态的中心频率随弹丸直径的增加而降低;随撞击速度的增加而增加;随传播距离的增加向1500 kHz移动。S2模态小波包系数呈凹性的频域范围分别随撞击速度和弹丸直径的增大变窄。在此基础上,当靶板形成穿孔损伤时,可根据S2模态的中心频率推测弹丸的直径;在传播距离和弹丸直径已知的前提下,可根据S2模态小波包系数呈凹性的频域范围推测撞击速度。     

带隔热层蜂窝夹层结构的超高速撞击特性研究

带隔热层的蜂窝夹层结构是航天器常用的结构材料。针对带隔热层蜂窝夹层结构开展了超高速撞击试验研究和数值模拟。通过试验获得了带隔热层蜂窝夹层结构的弹道极限方程,并利用该方程计算了带隔热层前板的等效厚度;同时采用光滑质点流体动力学(SPH)和有限元(FE)耦合的方法,对蜂窝夹层结构的超高速撞击过程进行了数值模拟,模拟结果表明:蜂窝芯限制了碎片云的径向膨胀,碎片云轴向流的导流和分流作用。     

超高速碰撞数值模拟

本文在耦合欧拉－拉格朗日动参考系中，基于流体弹粘塑性理论，用三维等参元对各向同性材料及正交各向异性材料在超高速碰撞下的动力响应进行了数值模拟。     

A ballistic limit equation for hypervelocity impacts on composite honeycomb sandwich panel satellite structures

During a recent experimental test campaign performed in the framework of ESA Contract 16721, the ballistic performance of multiple satellite-representative Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic (CFRP)/Aluminium honeycomb sandwich panel structural configurations (GOCE, Radarsat-2, Herschel/Planck, BeppoSax) was investigated using the two-stage light-gas guns at EMI. The experimental results were used to develop and validate a new empirical Ballistic Limit Equation (BLE), which was derived from an existing Whipple-shield BLE. This new BLE provided a good level of accuracy in predicting the ballistic performance of stand-alone sandwich panel structures. Additionally, the equation is capable of predicting the ballistic limit of a thin Al plate located at a standoff behind the sandwich panel structure. This thin plate is the representative of internal satellite systems, e.g. an Al electronic box cover, a wall of a metallic vessel, etc. Good agreement was achieved with both the experimental test campaign results and additional test data from the literature for the vast majority of set-ups investigated. For some experiments, the ballistic limit was conservatively predicted, a result attributed to shortcomings in correctly accounting for the presence of high surface density multi-layer insulation on the outer facesheet. Four existing BLEs commonly applied for application with stand-alone sandwich panels were reviewed using the new impact test data. It was found that a number of these common approaches provided non-conservative predictions for sandwich panels with CFRP facesheets.     

单层及双层板的超高速碰撞试验(速度超过10km/s)的数值模拟

文章介绍了在Sandia国家实验室所进行的3个精确控制的超高速碰撞试验,使用两种复杂的流体码即多维流体动力学代码CTH和平滑粒子流体动力学代码SPH,对该试验进行数值模拟。该试验用质量为克大小的飞片及球形射弹以大约10km/s的速度撞击薄铝板及钢板(厚度小于1cm)。并分析了碎片云动力学计算预示结果及这些试验中金属板的损坏。     

闪光 X 射线技术在空间科学领域中的应用

在长时间飞行的航天器的设计中,必须考虑其表面和暴露的子系统被陨石雨和沿轨道运动碎片的高速撞击。闪光 X 射线技术是研究这一问题的基本工具之一。在美国销售的闪光 X 射线设备中有近30%是用于空间科学的研究。文章介绍了闪光 X 射线系统的性能及其在空间科学研究中的应用。