Numerical study of unsteady starting characteristics of a hypersonic inlet

The impulse and self starting characteristics of a mixed-compression hypersonic inlet designed at Mach number of 6.5 are studied by applying the unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The full Navier-Stokes equations are solved with the assumption of viscous perfect gas model, and the shear-stress transport (SST) k-x two-equation Reynolds averaged Navier- Stokes (RANS) model is used for turbulence modeling. Results indicate that during impulse starting, the flow field is divided into three zones with different aerodynamic parameters by primary shock and upstream-facing shock. The separation bubble on the shoulder of ramp undergoes a generating, growing, swallowing and disappearing process in sequence. But a separation bubble at the entrance of inlet exists until the freestream velocity is accelerated to the starting Mach number during self starting. The mass flux distribution of flow field is non-uniform because of the interaction between shock and boundary layer, so that the mass flow rate at throat is unsteady during impulse starting. The duration of impulse starting process increases almost linearly with the decrease of freestream Mach number but rises abruptly when the freestream Mach number approaches the starting Mach number. The accelerating performance of booster almost has no influence on the self starting ability of hypersonic inlet.     

基于电子束电离的高超声速磁流体发电机

为了获得高超声速低温来流条件下基于电子束电离的磁流体发电机性能,采用三维低磁雷诺数磁流体动力学五方程模型和简化的电子束电离模型,对等截面分段法拉第型磁流体发电机内的流动进行数值模拟,研究了电离能量花费、磁场强度对发电通道性能的影响,得出了不同电离花费下电离所形成的电子数密度和电导率.研究结果表明,电子束电离低温来流能够产生足够的电导率,当负载系数保持为0.5时,电效率基本保持在0.5 ～0.6之间,电效率大小受磁场强度影响不大,电离能量花费Pion(MW/m3)为0.06,0.6,6,30,300时的电导率σ(S/m)分别为0.28,0.9,3,7,27.当电离能量花费为30MW/m3,能量提取率达到26％,电效率为66％,发电机性能接近最佳,对应的磁场强度为10T.     

战场复杂电磁环境下的无人机作战应用探讨

通过对战场复杂电磁环境的研究,分析总结无人机系统在侦察作战全过程中可能受到各种电磁干扰,结合无人机系统抗干扰特性,提出应对战场复杂电磁环境的无人机系统作战运用方法,有效提高了无人机在战场中的作战效能和生存能力。     

飞行器典型热密封结构

对航天飞机、X-38和X-51等飞行器的热密封结构进行了综合评述.分析了机身TPS、机身开口部位及控制面三个安装部位的热密封结构特点,综述了其热密封组件的研究历程和使用现状.     

Scaling of interaction lengths for hypersonic shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interactions

The interaction length induced by Shock Wave/Turbulent Boundary-Layer Interactions (SWTBLIs) in the hypersonic flow was investigated using a scaling analysis, in which the interaction length normalized by the displacement thickness of boundary layer was correlated with a corrected non-dimensional separation criterion across the interaction after accounting for the wall temperature effects. A large number of hypersonic SWTBLIs were compiled to examine the scaling analysis over a wide range of Mach numbers, Reynolds numbers, and wall temperatures. The results indicate that the hypersonic SWTBLIs with low Reynolds numbers collapse on the supersonic SWTBLIs, while the hypersonic cases with high Reynolds numbers show a more rapid growth of the interaction length than that with low Reynolds numbers. Thus, two scaling relationships are identified according to different Reynolds numbers for the hypersonic SWTBLIs. The scaling analysis provides valuable guidelines for engineering prediction of the interaction length, and thus, enriches the knowledge of hypersonic SWTBLIs.     

Detached-eddy simulation of supersonic flow past a spike-tipped blunt nose

Space vehicle in atmosphere travels mostly at supersonic speed and generates a very strong bow shockwave around its blunt nose. Oblique shock and conical separated flow zone generated by a forward disk-tip spike significantly reduce the drag by reducing the high pressure area on the blunt nose. This study employs improved delayed detached eddy simulation to investigate the characteristic flow structures around a spike-tipped blunt nose at Mach number of 3 and Reynolds number(based on the blunt-body diameter) of 2.72x10~8. The calculated time-averaged quantities agree well with experimental data. Characteristic frequencies in different flow regions are extracted using fast Fourier transform. It is found that two distinct instability modes exist: oscillation mode and pulsation mode. The former is related to the foreshock/turbulence interaction with nondimensional frequency at around 0.004. The latter corresponds to the interaction between turbulence and shock structures around the blunt nose, with a typical coherent structure shedding frequency at 0.092.     

Design method with controllable velocity direction at throat for inward-turning inlets

In the design of a hypersonic inward-turning inlet by applying the traditional basic flowfield, a reflected shock-wave is formed in the isolator due to the continuous reflection of the cowlreflected shock wave in the basic flow-field, which interacts with the boundary layer to produce a considerable influence on the performance of the inlet. Here, a basic flow-field design method that can control the velocity direction at the throat section is developed, and numerical simulations are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of this method. The method presented in this paper can achieve the absorption of the reflected waves at the shoulder of the basic flow-field by adjusting the variation law of the center radius in the basic flow-field, and a smooth transition between the compression surface and the isolator can also be produced. The Mach number and total pressure recovery coefficient of the inlet designed according to this method are 3.00 and 0.657, respectively, at design point(the incoming flow Mach number Ma1= 6.0). The results show that with this method, the inlet can efficiently weaken both the reflection of the shock wave and the interaction between the boundary layer and the reflected shock waves, which improves the aerodynamic performance of the inlet.     

无人机桨叶损伤的在线模型估计新方法

无人机在复杂高对抗环境中极易出现桨叶结构受损故障，造成无人机控制性能退化甚至失稳，给无人机带来灾难性后果。桨叶结构损伤条件下无人机动力学模型的在线估计与重建是保障无人机控制系统稳定的重要前提。由于桨叶损伤干扰隐含于无人机动力学模型的内部，可观测性较低，典型的干扰观测器难以实现对此类干扰的估计。提出了一种新型穿透型干扰观测器，通过构造穿透函数，将模型内部的干扰映射到一个新建的平行空间，实现了对桨叶损伤的估计和故障后无人机的建模，并给出了所设计穿透型干扰观测器的稳定性条件。以四旋翼无人机为应用对象，对桨叶损伤形成的干扰进行在线估计与量化，反演出桨叶随机出现的损伤，实现了桨叶损伤后无人机动力学模型的在线精细重建，解决了无人机桨叶损伤故障下力矩输入难以直接测量的问题。半物理仿真实验验证了所提方法的有效性。     

基于网格自适应的飞行器防热材料热传导系数辨识

为准确辨识高超声速飞行器防热材料热传导系数，构造了针对热传导偏微分方程系统的约束泛函极值问题，基于表征多项式逼近性能的Weierstrass定理，采用Lagrange多项式对热传导系数进行参数化建模，进而将无穷维的约束泛函极值问题转化为有限维的非线性规划问题，再利用基于动态优化方程的优化方法将此非线性规划问题转化为常微分方程初值问题进行求解。为从较有限的测量数据中准确地“学习”热传导系数，建立采用“过拟合”判别准则的网格自适应迭代算法改善辨识精度。研究表明本文采用的辨识策略与优化方法有效，辨识结果可以较准确地反映材料热传导系数的变化规律。     

Shock/shock interactions between bodies and wings

This paper examines the Shock/Shock Interactions (SSI) between the body and wing of aircraft in supersonic flows. The body is simplified to a flat wedge and the wing is assumed to be a sharp wing. The theoretical spatial dimension reduction method, which transforms the 3D problem into a 2D one, is used to analyze the SSI between the body and wing. The temperature and pressure behind the Mach stem induced by the wing and body are obtained, and the wave configurations in the corner are determined. Numerical validations are conducted by solving the inviscid Euler equations in 3D with a Non-oscillatory and Non-free-parameters Dissipative (NND) finite difference scheme. Good agreements between the theoretical and numerical results are obtained. Additionally, the effects of the wedge angle and sweep angle on wave configurations and flow field are considered numerically and theoretically. The influences of wedge angle are significant, whereas the effects of sweep angle on wave configurations are negligible. This paper provides useful information for the design and thermal protection of aircraft in supersonic and hypersonic flows.