地外天体着陆点选择综述与展望

行星表面具有科学研究价值的区域往往地形复杂,对着陆的安全性提出了很高的要求。如何选择既满足工程约束又具有很好科学价值的着陆点,在提高任务可靠性的同时获得最优的科学回报,成为未来行星着陆任务需要解决的首要问题之一。回顾了以往地外天体着陆任务的着陆点分布情况,总结归纳了着陆点选取过程中需要考虑的因素,分析了当前的研究现状并给出一般选取流程,最后针对我国未来深空探测任务着陆点选择问题提出了一些思考与建议。     

An introduction to the lunar and planetary science activities in Korea

Korea is planning a series of lunar space programs in 2020 starting with a lunar orbiter and a lander with a rover. Compared to other countries, Korea has a relatively brief history in space and planetary sciences. With the expected Korean missions on the near-term horizon and the relatively few Korean planetary scientists, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) has established a new planetary research group focusing on development of prospective lunar instruments, analysis of the publicly available planetary data of the Moon, organizing nationwide planetary workshops, and initiating planetary educational programs with academic institutions. Korea has also initiated its own rocket development program, which could acquire a rocket-launch capability toward the Korean lunar mission. For the prospective Korea’s lunar science program, feasibility studies for some candidate science payloads have been started since 2010 for an orbiter and a lander. The concept design of each candidate instrument has been accomplished in 2012. It is expected that the development of science payloads may start by 2014 as Phase A. Not only developing hardware required for the lunar mission but also educational activities for young students are high priorities for Korea. The new plan of the Korean lunar mission can be successfully accomplished with international cooperative outreach programs in conjunction with internationally accessible planetary data system (PDS). This paper introduces the KIGAM’s international cooperative planetary research and educational programs and also summarizes other nationwide new developments for Korean lunar research projects at Kyung Hee University and Hanyang University.     

Radiation measurements inside a human phantom aboard the International Space Station using Liulin-5 charged particle telescope

Liulin-5 is a particle telescope developed for the investigation of the radiation environment within the Russian spherical tissue-equivalent phantom on the International Space Station (ISS). Liulin-5 experiment is conducted aboard the Russian segment of ISS since 28 June 2007 as an adherent part of the international project MATROSHKA-R. The main objective of Liulin-5 experiment is to study the depth-dose distribution of the different components of the orbital radiation field in a human phantom. Additional objectives are mapping of the radiation environment in the phantom and its variations with time and orbital parameters (such as solar cycle, solar flare events, inclination and altitude). Liulin-5 is an active instrument, capable to provide real-time radiation data for the particle flux and dose rates, energy deposition and LET spectra. Data are recorded automatically on memory cards, periodically transported to ground by returning vehicles. In this report we present some first results from data analysis including energy deposition spectra, absorbed dose, dose rate and flux distribution measured simultaneously at 3 different depths of phantom’s radial channel and linear energy transfer (LET) spectrum. Data discussed are for the period July 2007–April 2008.     

美国2020火星车着陆区遴选进展及对2020中国火星任务着陆探测部分的一些思考

总结了近20年来火星探测的重要发现以及生命、气候和地质3个方面尚未解决的关键科学问题;介绍了美国国家航空航天局(NASA)2020火星探测任务的科学目标、科学载荷和着陆区选择的工程条件限制,并重点分析了经过3次着陆区选择研讨会,上百位行星科学家投票选取的排名前3的预选着陆区的地质情况。在此基础上,提出了对我国2020年火星任务的着陆探测部分的一些思考,并根据不同的任务目标(聚焦生命、气候和地质问题;支持载人火星探测的资源勘察;工程技术验证)提出了3个候选着陆区。     

中国首次火星探测任务科学目标与有效载荷配置

中国首次火星探测任务将于2020年实施,科学目标和有效载荷配置是工程任务的重要顶层设计之一。简要回顾了国外已实施火星探测任务的主要科学目标,介绍了我国首次火星探测任务科学目标、有效载荷配置,分析了科学目标的创新性和特色。     

一种基于可钻性在线辨识的月面钻进控制方法研究

钻取采样作为一种获取深层月壤的有效方式被应用于地外天体采样任务。不同于地面钻探,无人月面钻取采样面临诸多技术难点,例如遥操作信号延迟、探测器传感资源有限、缺乏采样点地质信息以及月壤力学特性复杂等。为保证采样任务高效可靠地执行,采样装置需充分利用有限的探测器硬件资源,依据钻进工况实时调整钻进工艺参数,对未知的钻进环境具有适应能力。提出一种基于可钻性在线辨识的月面钻进控制方法。利用可钻性指标综合评价当前对象的钻进难易程度,采用模式识别方法辨识钻进对象的可钻性等级并实时匹配最优的钻进工艺参数,从而实现钻进过程的智能控制。为验证所提出控制方法的有效性,开展了模拟月壤月岩交替布置的钻进试验研究。试验结果表明:该方法能够有效控制钻进负载。     

我国首次自主火星探测任务中环绕器的研制与实践

火星探测是国际深空探测的重点和热点,2020年,中国、美国、阿联酋的火星探测器相继发射升空。我国的首颗自主火星探测器——"天问一号"由环绕器、着陆巡视器组成,将一步实现火星的"绕、着、巡"。其中,火星环绕器作为探测器的核心组成部分,承载着地火转移、制动捕获、离轨分离、中继通信以及环火科学探测等重要任务。本文简要回顾了我国火星环绕器的研制历程,介绍了环绕器的基本方案,分析了研制过程中的技术难点和关键技术攻关情况,指出了未来技术发展方向,提出了构建通用化环绕平台的构想,为后期的深空探测任务提供参考。     

火星着陆器扶正展开动力学研究

火星着陆技术是实现对火星探测的关键技术。文章通过对四面体着陆器展开过程进行深入研究,提出了一种应用于四面体火星着陆器扶正展开的方法,并对该方法进行了详细的分析和计算;通过火星着陆器扶正展开动力学的分析,提出了扶正展开系统的动作策略,对实现扶正展开的姿态确认进行了分析和设计;基于Hamilton法建立了扶正展开着陆器的动力学模型,对多姿态下扶正展开执行器的动力学特性进行了分析,获得了扶正及展开过程中的力矩特性,从而可以对翻转动作进行定量的分析,实现翻转能量的最小化。该研究对于火星着陆器的设计具有参考意义。     

月球探测工程中的月球环境问题

文章介绍了月球环境和国外两个典型月球探测器的环境试验。在月球环境对探测器的影响分析基础上,根据我国月球探测工程的需求,提出了有关环境问题研究的一些考虑。     

模拟月壤研究及其在月球探测工程中的应用

在月壤化学成分、物理力学性质等方面研究结果的基础上,文章对国内外模拟月壤的研究进展进行了综合分析,重点阐述了服务于我国嫦娥探月工程的科学探测仪器标定、着陆器组合缓冲性能试验、巡视器移动试验、月表采样试验等研制任务的模拟月壤研究成果及应用情况,包括模拟月壤原料选取及制备工艺,模拟月壤试验场的铺设方法等,结合载人登月等任务需求提出了未来研究工作的发展建议。