复合材料在长焦距空间光学遥感器上的应用

对碳纤维增强聚合材料(CFRP)和碳化硅颗粒增强铝基(SiCp/Al)复合材料在空间光学遥感器的应用进行了介绍,并以某长焦距空间光学遥感器的主支撑结构为例,对应用不同材料时遥感器的质量、固有频率、热位移等进行了研究。研究结果表明:应用复合材料能够使主支撑结构质量降为278kg,从而降低发射成本;结构具有较大的刚度,固有频率为156.09Hz,满足设计指标;可以更加有效控制结构热变形引起的光学元件刚体位移,提高成像品质。文章对复合材料更好地应用于长焦距空间光学遥感器,具有一定的参考价值。     

气体流场对C／C复合材料CVI致密化效果的影响

以丙烯为碳源气体,研究平板针刺预制体在不同倾斜角放置和不同进气方式条件下化学气相渗透（ CVI）工艺制备C／C复合材料的致密化效果。采用工业CT、浸泡介质法和偏光显微镜对沉积样品的密度分布、开孔孔隙率和织构分别进行表征。沉积102 h后,倾斜17°、前进气条件下试件的密度最高,达到1．45 g／cm－3。结果表明,试样由底端到顶端的密度是有小幅递增的,开孔孔隙率是逐渐减小的。4块试件热解炭的织构以光滑层为主,试样消光角的测量结果表明直立状态和倾斜17°、后进气状态热解炭织构取向度从底部到顶端有增大的趋势,这种织构的增长趋势与锥形回转体扩张段的材料设计相符合。     

经济型月球探测器精确定点软着陆制导算法

针对未来经济型月球探测器精确定点软着陆问题,考虑发动机特性及终端状态约束,对主减速段制导算法进行了研究。首先考虑到未来月球通信网络的建立和资源的利用,提出了一种探测器在环月极轨道运行时的月面着陆点全覆盖环月调相策略。然后在北东地坐标系下建立软着陆主减速段的质心动力学模型,依据动力学模型将探测器的运动分为纵向平面运动和横向运动并分别设计在线闭环制导律。纵向平面运动采用改进显式制导算法,并基于有限推力思想和主减速段误差传播特性设计了满足终端航向位置约束的点火角修正策略;对于横向运动控制,首先基于ZEM/ZEV最优反馈制导律给出横向制导指令,然后采用PWPF将连续形式的制导指令调制为脉冲形式。仿真结果表明了该制导律能够满足所有终端状态约束,具有燃耗次优性、自主性、实时性和一定的鲁棒性,同时易于工程实现。     

Deep Impact: Working Properties for the Target Nucleus – Comet 9P/Tempel 1

In 1998, Comet 9P/Tempel 1 was chosen as the target of the Deep Impact mission (A’Hearn, M. F., Belton, M. J. S., and Delamere, A., Space Sci. Rev., 2005) even though very little was known about its physical properties. Efforts were immediately begun to improve this situation by the Deep Impact Science Team leading to the founding of a worldwide observing campaign (Meech et al., Space Sci. Rev., 2005a). This campaign has already produced a great deal of information on the global properties of the comet’s nucleus (summarized in Table I) that is vital to the planning and the assessment of the chances of success at the impact and encounter. Since the mission was begun the successful encounters of the Deep Space 1 spacecraft at Comet 19P/Borrelly and the Stardust spacecraft at Comet 81P/Wild 2 have occurred yielding new information on the state of the nuclei of these two comets. This information, together with earlier results on the nucleus of comet 1P/Halley from the European Space Agency’s Giotto, the Soviet Vega mission, and various ground-based observational and theoretical studies, is used as a basis for conjectures on the morphological, geological, mechanical, and compositional properties of the surface and subsurface that Deep Impact may find at 9P/Tempel 1. We adopt the following working values (circa December 2004) for the nucleus parameters of prime importance to Deep Impact as follows: mean effective radius = 3.25± 0.2 km, shape – irregular triaxial ellipsoid with a/b = 3.2± 0.4 and overall dimensions of ∼14.4 × 4.4 × 4.4 km, principal axis rotation with period = 41.85± 0.1 hr, pole directions (RA, Dec, J2000) = 46± 10, 73± 10 deg (Pole 1) or 287± 14, 16.5± 10 deg (Pole 2) (the two poles are photometrically, but not geometrically, equivalent), Kron-Cousins (V-R) color = 0.56± 0.02, V-band geometric albedo = 0.04± 0.01, R-band geometric albedo = 0.05± 0.01, R-band H(1,1,0) = 14.441± 0.067, and mass ∼7×10¹³ kg assuming a bulk density of 500 kg m⁻³. As these are working values, {i.e.}, based on preliminary analyses, it is expected that adjustments to their values may be made before encounter as improved estimates become available through further analysis of the large database being made available by the Deep Impact observing campaign. Given the parameters listed above the impact will occur in an environment where the local gravity is estimated at 0.027–0.04 cm s⁻² and the escape velocity between 1.4 and 2 m s⁻¹. For both of the rotation poles found here, the Deep Impact spacecraft on approach to encounter will find the rotation axis close to the plane of the sky (aspect angles 82.2 and 69.7 deg. for pole 1 and 2, respectively). However, until the rotation period estimate is substantially improved, it will remain uncertain whether the impactor will collide with the broadside or the ends of the nucleus.     

燃气的基准表及图制定

本文在阐述基准的热力学概念基础上,提出了燃气基准的计算方法,应用CHAPPELL推荐的有关燃气热力性质表达式,导出计算燃气基准的公式,通过微机计算,将结果整理成燃气基准的有关表、图。     

基于地外天体起飞的真空羽流导流技术仿真与试验研究

针对着航天器发动机羽流导流问题,基于工程经验提出了四种典型导流装置型面(包含内凹槽形式和导流锥形式等),利用计算流体动力学/直接模拟蒙特卡罗(CFD/DSMC)耦合方法,对起飞过程中羽流导流带来的气动力和气动热效应进行了数值模拟,并对不同导流装置情况下羽流场激波、航天器表面压强和热流密度分布规律进行了分析,给出了四种导流装置的导流效果评价。最后以导流锥形式开展试验,对仿真算法进行了验证。结果表明：羽流导流并没有导致发动机燃烧不稳定;综合考虑航天器羽流和发动机安全性,大导流锥导流的方案最优;在导流锥附近的激波位置及形态和仿真一致,仿真与试验的变化趋势一致,仿真算法可信,数据规律可以作为工程参考。     

C/SiC复合材料反射镜研究进展

反射镜在空间光学系统中起着非常关键的作用,目前已发展到第四代C/SiC复合材料。C/SiC复合材料具有低密度、高模高强、结构设计灵活等优点,已成为非常重要的新型反射镜材料。本文对四代反射镜的特点进行了归纳和对比,对C/SiC复合材料反射镜的结构设计、几种常用的制备工艺进行了整理和总结,并对目前国内外的研究进展进行了综述。     

难熔金属化合物掺杂对先驱体转化2D C/SiC复合材料抗氧化性能影响

提出在2D C/SiC复合材料基体中掺杂难熔金属化合物ZrB2,TaC,ZrC,制备了2D C/SiC-ZrB2,2D C/SiC-ZrC和2D C/SiC-TaC新型复合材料,考察了难熔金属化合物的引入对材料力学性能、抗氧化性能和微观结构的影响.结果表明,ZrB2和TaC的引入,能明显提高2DC/SiC复合材料的抗氧化性能;ZrC的引入对2D C/SiC复合材料的抗氧化性能极其不利.这归结于高温下ZrB2和TaC有助于在复合材料表层氧化形成ZrO2,B2O3和Ta2O5保护膜,阻止了材料内部的进一步氧化,从而提高了复合材料的抗氧化性能.     

SINS/GPS制导炸弹俯仰平面制导控制一体化设计

根据SINS/GPS制导炸弹动力学特性,首先推导了俯仰通道的制导控制一体化状态模型.然后在充分考虑制导和控制回路的不确定性基础上,利用terminal滑模控制方法,设计了制导控制一体化状态反馈控制律,所设计的控制器一方面保证制导炸弹满足打击精度和末端落角约束要求,另一方面保证控制回路的稳定性与鲁棒自适应性.采用模糊控制克服了变结构控制项引起的系统抖振.最后,分别进行了极端气动条件与取投放域边界值情况下的某型SINS/GPS制导炸弹六自由度飞行控制弹道仿真,仿真结果验证了此方法的有效性.     

曲面不锈钢/微晶玻璃层状复合材料的设计制备

设计制备了与1Cr17和0Cr18Ni9不锈钢匹配的CaO-Al2O3-SiO2(CAS)系和BaO-Al2O3-SiO2(BAS)系微晶玻璃,研究了微晶玻璃的各项理化性能。利用流延法制备微晶玻璃生带,以此制备符合曲面不锈钢/微晶玻璃层状复合材料,并对复合材料相关性能进行测试。结果表明,所设计制备的玻璃经850℃、30min热处理后可形成线胀系数与对应不锈钢匹配的微晶玻璃,且具有适宜弯曲强度和较低介电常数、介质损耗;由此制备的曲面不锈钢/微晶玻璃层状复合材料具有良好的绝缘性能、结合强度和抗热冲击性能。