磁控热防护系统在天地往返运载器上的应用仿真

磁控热防护技术在高超声速领域显现出广泛的应用前景。考虑高超声速流动磁流体力学控制涉及的等离子体生成机制、多电离组分导电机理以及电磁流动能量/动量输运机制,通过耦合求解电磁场泊松方程和带电磁源项的高温热化学非平衡流动控制方程组,搭建了高超声速磁控热防护数值模拟平台。结合美国航天飞机"哥伦比亚"号（OV-102）近似外形和5种磁场配置方案,较为系统地开展了磁控热防护系统在高超声速"滑翔返回式"天地往返运载器上的应用仿真研究。结果表明：搭建的磁控热防护仿真平台具备偶极子磁场、均匀磁场、螺线管磁场及多个磁场组合条件下复杂外形飞行器气动热环境数值模拟能力,其校验结果与文献或飞行试验数据符合较好;采用合适的磁场配置能有效降低航天飞机的表面热流,显著改善了航天飞机的气动热环境,典型状态的表面热流下降25%以上;局部磁场方向与流动方向的夹角,在一定程度上决定了洛伦兹力的强度和方向,对磁控效果的影响明显。     

低温下Whipple防护结构超高速撞击效应研究

文章研究了低温下空间碎片对典型Whipple防护结构的超高速撞击效应。首先在二级轻气炮设备上研制出使用液氮可将撞击靶冷却至-150 ℃且满足低温超高速撞击试验要求的低温装置。利用该装置开展了低温条件下的超高速撞击试验,对低温和室温两种条件下的试验结果进行了比对,并分别对缓冲屏穿孔特性、碎片云特性和后墙损伤特性之间的差异进行了分析。文章最后给出低温下典型Whipple防护结构的弹道极限曲线。     

稀薄气体效应对尖前缘气动热特性的影响研究

针对未来高超声速巡航飞行器尖化前缘、大升力面的构型特征,分别采用NS方法和DSMC方法,对高超飞行器局部部件的模化外形进行了努森数从0.01~0.5变化时气动特性的计算分析,对比了连续流方法与稀薄流方法所得结果的差异性,给出了稀薄效应对局部气动热特性影响的定量分析,旨在研究局部稀薄气体效应对气动热特性分布的影响规律。结果表明,努森数从0.04~0.5变化时,连续流方法和稀薄流方法所预测的峰值热流差距可达25%~40%,稀薄效应对热流的影响已达到不可忽视的地步。相对于热流而言,物面压力分布对稀薄效应的敏感性较弱,局部热流对这种局部稀薄效应非常敏感。NS方法所预测的结果普遍大于DSMC方法所得结果。
     

一种新的Whipple防护结构弹道极限方程准确率分析

文章提出一种新的Whipple防护结构弹道极限方程,对之进行了准确率分析,并与NASA约翰逊空间中心最新的Christiansen方程进行了对比。结果显示:新方程对国内外大量试验数据的预测准确率达到了78%,而Christiansen方程的预测准确率为72%。对于国内200多次超高速碰撞试验数据,新方程预测准确率为78%,而Christiansen方程仅为61%。可见,文章所提出的新方程对国内外材料具有高准确率和普适性,能够满足工程需要。该方程有效克服了国外有关弹道极限方程预测准确率低及通用性不强等缺点,可为我国空间站的M/OD撞击风险评估和防护设计提供技术支持及保障。     

Experimental study of curvature effects on jet impingement heat transfer on concave surfaces

Experimental study of the local and average heat transfer characteristics of a single round jet impinging on the concave surfaces was conducted in this work to gain in-depth knowledge of the curvature effects. The experiments were conducted by employing a piccolo tube with one sin-gle jet hole over a wide range of parameters: jet Reynolds number from 27000 to 130000, relative nozzle to surface distance from 3.3 to 30, and relative surface curvature from 0.005 to 0.030. Exper-imental results indicate that the surface curvature has opposite effects on heat transfer characteris-tics. On one hand, an increase of relative nozzle to surface distance (increasing jet diameter in fact) enhances the average heat transfer around the surface for the same curved surface. On the other hand, the average Nusselt number decreases as relative nozzle to surface distance increases for a fixed jet diameter. Finally, experimental data-based correlations of the average Nusselt number over the curved surface were obtained with consideration of surface curvature effect. This work con-tributes to a better understanding of the curvature effects on heat transfer of a round jet impinge-ment on concave surfaces, which is of high importance to the design of the aircraft anti-icing system.     

航空轴承钢的发展及热处理技术

随着航空航天技术的发展,轴承钢的种类和承温能力逐渐提高。而轴承钢的热处理技术对轴承钢的服役寿命及轴承性能的发挥起着关键性的作用,我国航空航天轴承的热处理技术一直处于发展阶段,与国外轴承钢的热处理技术相比仍有一定的上升空间。搜集国内外轴承钢相关的热处理文献,总结了国内外航空航天轴承钢及热处理技术的发展。主要论述了GCr15、8Cr4Mo4V、G13Cr4Mo4Ni4V等轴承钢的热处理技术,介绍了GCr15轴承钢的马氏体等温淬火、贝氏体等温淬火、马氏体+贝氏体混合等温淬火组织,详细介绍了国外M50轴承钢的热处理工艺方法、工艺参数及获得的热处理组织。     

Damage localization effects of the regeneratively-cooled thrust chamber wall in LOX/methane rocket engines

To investigate the damage localization effects of the thrust chamber wall caused by combustions in LOX/methane rocket engines, a fluid-structural coupling computational methodology with a multi-channel model is developed to obtain 3-demensioanl thermal and structural responses. Heat and mechanical loads are calculated by a validated finite volume fluid-thermal coupling numerical method considering non-premixed combustion processes of propellants. The methodology is subsequently performed on an LOX/methane thrust chamber under cyclic operation. Results show that the heat loads of the thrust chamber wall are apparently non-uniform in the circumferential direction. There are noticeable disparities between different cooling channels in terms of temperature and strain distributions at the end of the hot run phase, which in turn leads to different temperature ranges, strain ranges, and residual strains during one cycle. With the work cycle proceeding, the circumferential localization effect of the residual strain would be significantly enhanced. A post-processing damage analysis reveals that the low-cycle fatigue damage accumulated in each cycle is almost unchanged, while the quasi static damage accumulated in a considered cycle declines until stabilized after several cycles. The maximum discrepancy of the predicted lives between different cooling channels is about 30%.     

多斜孔壁冷却方式小孔内对流换热研究

研究了多斜孔壁冷却方式小孔内对流的局部和平均换热情况。研究方法是相似理论指导下的实验研究。研究结果表明:小孔进口区的换热增强幅度较大,并且在进口区不同的位置上增幅存在差别;孔内雷诺数对换热增强幅度影响较大,孔内雷诺数越高,换热增强越大。      

叶片前缘气膜冷却换热的实验研究

对叶片前缘多排圆柱形孔的气膜冷却换热进行了实验研究。测出了不发生主流侵入腔室的最小平均吹风比、孔排区及其下游的局部换热系数,并研究了主流雷诺数及平均吹风比对局部换热系数比的影响。实验参数范围：主流雷诺数Ｒｅ＝４２０００～１２７０００,平均吹风比Ｍ＝０．８～２．０,测量分８个工况进行。     

非定常尾迹对涡轮叶片换热影响的数值模拟

通过引入非定常尾迹诱导过渡的时间平均间歇因子的概念,提出常规过渡的起始点位置和尾迹诱导过渡起始点位置的算法,实现了对非定常尾迹影响下涡轮叶片上时间平均换热的数值模拟。结果显示,无论在叶片吸力面还是压力面,计算与实验符合均很好。