An improved approach to model ionospheric delays for single-frequency Precise Point Positioning

PPP with low-cost, single-frequency receivers has been receiving increasing interest in recent years because of its large amount of possible users. One crucial issue in single-frequency PPP is the mitigation of ionospheric delays which cannot be removed by combining observations on different frequencies. For this purpose, several approaches have been developed, such as, the approach using ionospheric model corrections with proper weight, the GRAPHIC (Group and Phase Ionosphere Calibration) approach, and the method to model ionospheric delays over a station with a low polynomial or stochastic process. From our investigation on the stochastic characteristics of the ionospheric delay over a station, it cannot be precisely represented by either a deterministic model in the form of a low-order polynomial or a stochastic process for each satellite, because of its strong irregular spatial and temporal variations. Therefore, a novel approach is developed accordingly in which the deterministic representation is further refined by a stochastic process for each satellite with an empirical model for its power density. Furthermore, ionospheric delay corrections from a constructed model using GNSS data are also included as pseudo-observations for a better solution. A large data set collected from about 200 IGS stations over one month in 2010 is processed with the new approach and several commonly adopted approaches for validation. The results show its significant improvements in terms of positioning accuracy and convergence time with a negligible extra processing time, which is also demonstrated by data collected with a low-cost, handheld, single-frequency receiver.     

Improvement of the ADEOS-II/GLI sun-glint algorithm using concomitant microwave scatterometer-derived wind data

The tendency of over-estimation of sun-glint reflectance was found in GLI satellite ocean color data, after applying the traditional sun-glint model of Cox and Munk together with objective analysis wind data. ADEOS-II has provided a good opportunity to improve the glint model using data measured by GLI and SeaWinds, both onboard the satellite. With the help of simultaneous wind measurements achieved by SeaWinds, the Cox and Munk model is re-evaluated using GLI measurements to obtain a new relationship between the surface mean square slope and wind. The new model was found to be very close to the Cox and Munk under moderate wind speed but is much different under calm condition, where it shows similarity to the result reported by Ebuchi and Kizu. It also improves the ocean color data availability and the precision of sun-glint reflectance, based on the evaluation result of the generated Level 3 data products.     

GPS VEHICLE NAVIGATION SYSTEM

介绍了一种ＧＰＳ智能导航系统。本系统可以广泛应用于城市、省际的交通运输领域。作为智能交通系统的一部分,将在很大程度上改善司机在复杂交通状态下的驾驶条件。文中详细讨论了系统所采用的两项关键技术：地理信息库系统、车辆位置的实时修正。     

热膜温度效应研究

用热膜测模型表面摩擦应力,在风洞试验中已得到广泛的应用,但在飞行试验中,由于大气温度与地面温度有很大差异,因此传统的校准方法无法应用。本文通过对热膜的传热机理进行分析,找到一种温度修正方法。此方法用于飞行试验中,得到较好的结果。     

Context Affects Scale Selection for Proximity Terms

Abstract

Spatial proximity terms, such as near and far, communicate information regarding the distance in which a “located” object can be found with respect to a “reference” object. The present paper investigates whether people take into account the location of an object extraneous to the located object and reference object pair, when setting the scale for proximity language judgements. Across three experiments participants rated the appropriateness of near and far to describe spatial scenes that included a third (distractor) object positioned the same distance as the located object from the reference object, but at varying distances from the located object. The results show that the presence of other spatial relations affects scale setting, resulting in differences in appropriateness ratings for those spatial terms.     

一种基于虚拟参考站的低轨双星时差频差精密修正方法

为了解决低轨双 星时差（Time difference of arrival, TDOA）、频差(Frequency difference of arrival,FDOA)定位精度低这一问题,提出了一种应用虚拟参考站（Virtual reference station,VRS)技术来实现对低轨双星TDOA/FDOA进行精密修正的方法。该方法利用合作辐射源在未知辐射 源附近建立一个物理上并不存在的虚拟参考站,然后再利用此虚拟参考站修正未知辐射源 的时频误差。通过仿真分析,VRS处虚拟时差构建误差比虚拟频差构建误差要小,并且VRS对 未知辐射源TDOA/FDOA系统误差的修正精度分别可以达到97%和95%。利用修正后 的时频差 对未知辐射源定位,其定位精度相对于未修正前有极大的提高。     

液体燃料在毛细管出口扩散火焰燃烧特性

为了解微尺度扩散火焰燃烧特性,选用液体燃料,进行燃烧实验,并利用理论模型对层流火焰高度进行了预估。结果表明:毛细管层流扩散火焰尺寸随燃料流量的增加而增大,水平方向当流量大于50μL/min时,由于燃料蒸发不完全,会有液滴喷出,火焰尺寸增长速度变小;竖直方向受浮力影响,火焰高度被拉长,远大于水平方向。火焰尺寸越大,振荡越剧烈,表现为振荡周期随流量的增加而减小,且竖直方向小于水平方向。燃料含碳量影响火焰特性,含碳量越多,火焰尺寸越大,火焰越明亮,振荡越剧烈。流量较大时,含碳量较多的煤油会向管口周围喷射燃料,形成剧烈振荡的不稳定火焰。竖直方向火焰高度与管口处燃料蒸汽雷诺数成正比,Roper模型预估结果与实验结果相近,可用于计算液体烃类燃料在竖直方向的层流扩散火焰高度。      

二维风洞侧壁干扰修正准则的改进

Barnwell二维风洞侧壁干扰修正准则未计及壁面摩擦影响,理论上是不完善的。本文对此作了改进。用Karman-Pohlhausen方法对侧壁边界层进行了处理;将壁面摩擦项用速度梯度适当表示出来,从而克服了因考虑摩擦项带来的困难。建立了修正准则的新形式。在改进的准则中摩擦影响是通过Pohlhausen型边界层参数Λ表示的,Λ绝对值越小摩擦影响越大。此外,文中对修正中有关参数,如δ~*的选取以及湍流情况作了简单讨论。     

大攻角试验半经验壁压信息洞壁干扰修正方法

提出用壁压信息洞壁干扰修正法,确定出大攻角典型试验状态的半经验修正系数,用它修正外形近似的模型大攻角试验其它状态的洞壁干扰。这样,模型大攻角试验的洞壁干扰修正既能接近壁压信息修正法的准确结果,又能如半经验修正方法那样简便。经两组模型试验数据验证,结果满意。     

本构关系对连续介质损伤力学基本方程适定性的影响——一维弹性损伤情况

许多工程材料当变形超过某一极限时由于损伤都会出现应变软化行为。首先从非局部理论出发,推导了应变梯度损伤本构方程;然后利用一阶拟线性偏微分方程组的特征理论,在一维弹性损伤情况下分析了两种不同的本构模型,即 Kachanov损伤本构方程与应变梯度损伤本构方程,对连续介质损伤力学基本方程适定性的影响。结果表明,当损伤发展时,与 Kachanov损伤本构模型相关的连续介质损伤力学的基本方程是不适定的;而与应变梯度损伤本构模型相关的,则无论损伤是否发展,其基本方程始终是适定的。这说明在连续介质损伤力学的本构方程中必须考虑材料内部微结构的尺度效应。