Recent active thermal management technologies for the development of energy-optimized aerospace vehicles in China

Recently, the development of modern vehicles has brought about aggressive integration and miniaturization of on-board electrical and electronic devices. It will lead to exponential growth in both the overall waste heat and heat flux to be dissipated to maintain the devices within a safe temperature range. However, both the total heat sinks aboard and the cooling capacity of currently utilized thermal control strategy are severely limited, which threatens the lifetime of the on-board equipment and even the entire flight system and shrink the vehicle’s flight time and range. Facing these thermal challenges, the USA proposed the program of “INVENT” to maximize utilities of the available heat sinks and enhance the cooling ability of thermal control strategies. Following the efforts done by the USA researchers, scientists in China fought their ways to develop thermal management technologies for Chinese advanced energy-optimized airplanes and spacecraft. This paper elaborates the available on-board heat sinks and aerospace thermal management systems using both active and passive technologies not confined to the technology in China. Subsequently, active thermal management technologies in China including fuel thermal management system, environment control system, non-fuel liquid cooling strategy are reviewed. At last, space thermal control technologies used in Chinese Space Station and Chang’e-3 and to be used in Chang’e-5 are introduced. Key issues to be solved are also identified, which could facilitate the development of aerospace thermal control techniques across the world.     

一种简化算法的航空发动机全状态数学模型

通过一种简化的燃气空间模型对某型双转子混排加力涡扇发动机各部件进行了建模和仿真计算,并给出了详细的计算流程以及数学公式.在仿真过程中结合实际工程应用经验,对涡轮处采用一个局部的小循环迭代以减小涡轮部件内燃气空间计算的时间步长,提高计算精度.与其他数值方法相比,该简化算法避免了求解非线性方程组时大范围的循环迭代,提高了全状态数学模型的计算速度.通过仿真结果与发动机实际试车数据的对比,证明该方法有足够的计算精度.      

偏转弹头导弹的动力学建模方法研究

 偏转弹头是一种新的导弹操纵方式,动力学建模是对其研究的基础。偏转弹头导弹可以看成由弹头和弹体组成的多体系统,应用多体建模方法Schiehlen法建立系统的动力学模型。首先把弹头和弹体的运动状态用广义坐标表示,弹头的绝对运动由相对运动原理得到,根据牛顿 欧拉动力学方程分别写出弹头和弹体的质心移动方程和绕质心的转动方程,再运用达朗伯原理的理想约束性质消去方程中包含的约束力,同时方程的数目也减少到与系统的自由度数相同,从而得到维数与系统自由度数相同的二阶标量微分方程组。最后仿真验证模型,并分析得到偏转弹头导弹的一些特点,即偏转弹头导弹具有控制效率高,机动过载大,响应速度快等优点,是一种有效的快速响应控制方式。研究表明对于像偏转弹头导弹这类刚体数目少、但自由度数目较多的多体系统,其动力学建模适合使用Schiehlen法。     

金属橡胶减振器用于发动机安装减振的研究

 为减小发动机传递至飞机机身结构的振动,设计了金属橡胶减振器用于航空发动机安装。对该金属橡胶减振器进行了动力学建模研究,采用有限元技术对安装减振器前后的飞机全机结构进行了仿真分析,初步表明了该设计对结构频率影响较小,但能引入较大阻尼,降低响应水平。在理论分析基础上,进一步将设计制造的金属橡胶减振器安装于某型飞机,进行地面开车,实测了应用减振安装前后飞机的动力学响应。结果证明了发动机减振安装的可行性与有效性。     

Nonlinear Dynamics Behaviors of a Rotor Roller Bearing System with Radial Clearances and Waviness Considered

A rotor system supported by roller beatings displays very complicated nonlinear behaviors due to nonlinear Hertzian contact forces, radial clearances and bearing waviness. This paper presents nonlinear bearing forces of a roller bearing under four-dimensional loads and establishes 4-DOF dynamics equations of a rotor roller bearing system. The methods of Newmark-β and of Newton-Laphson are used to solve the nonlinear equations. The dynamics behaviors of a rigid rotor system are studied through the bifurcation, the Poincar è maps, the spectrum diagrams and the axis orbit of responses of the system. The results show that the system is liable to undergo instability caused by the quasi-periodic bifurcation, the periodic-doubling bifurcation and chaos routes as the rotational speed increases. Clearances, outer race waviness, inner race waviness, roller waviness, damping, radial forces and unbalanced forces-all these bring a significant influence to bear on the system stability. As the clearance increases, the dynamics behaviors become complicated with the number and the scale of instable regions becoming larger. The vibration frequencies induced by the roller bearing waviness and the orders of the waviness might cause severe vibrations. The system is able to eliminate non-periodic vibration by reasonable choice and optimization of the parameters.     

Time suboptimal formation flying manoeuvres through improved magnetic charged system search

The development of fast and reliable optimization algorithms is required in order to obtain real-time optimal trajectory on-board spacecraft. In addition, the wide spread of small satellites, due to their low costs, is leading to a greater number of satellite formations in space. This paper presents an Improved version of the Magnetic Charged System Search (IMCSS) metaheuristic algorithm to compute time-suboptimal manoeuvres for satellite formation flying. The proposed algorithm exploits some strategies aimed at improving the convergence to the optimum, such as the chaotic local search and the boundary handling technique, and it is able to self-tune its internal parameters and coefficients. Moreover, the inverse dynamics technique and the differential flatness approach, through the B-splines curves, are used to approximate the trajectory. The optimization procedure is applied to the circular J2 relative model developed by Schweighart and Sedwick and to the elliptical relative motion model developed by Yamanaka and Ankersen. The results of this paper show that the convergence is better achieved by using the proposed tools, thus proving the efficiency and reliability of the algorithm in solving some space engineering problems.     

Multiple hierarchy risk assessment with hybrid model for safety enhancing of unmanned subscale BWB demonstrator flight test

To explore the low-speed characteristics of the Blended-Wing-Body (BWB) configuration for future civil aircraft, a series of unmanned subscale demonstrators have been developed and tested by our research team. During this process, specific safety risks deriving from uncertain design features, system unreliability, and insufficient personnel experience caused continuous flight test mishaps and the risk mechanism was not clear. Local and trial-and-error learning driven safety improvements took few effects on mishap prevention, so our focus was turned to look for systematic safety strategies. This paper establishes a systems theory based hybrid model to integrate the physical system reliability analysis techniques with the system dynamics method for illustrating the multiple risk interactions of the demonstrator flight test involving organizational, human resource and technical system factors. Using the prior BB-5 demonstrator as a case, the hybrid model simulation represents its historical risk evolution process, which verifies the model rationality. Derived risk control strategies reduced the mishap rate of a new demonstrator called BB-6 Sprit. The paper also shows the extended hybrid model can be applied on safety management of unmanned aerial vehicles from the initial period of vehicle development.     

非结构CFD软件MPI+OpenMP混合并行及超大规模非定常并行计算的应用

常规工程应用中，非定常数值模拟（如多体分离）的计算量十分巨大，如果为了达到更高的计算精度，加密网格或者采用高精度方法将会使得计算量进一步增大，导致非定常数值模拟在CFD工程应用中成为十分耗时和昂贵的工作，因此，提高非定常数值模拟的可扩展性和计算效率十分必要。为充分发挥既有分布内存又有共享内存的多核处理器的性能和效率优势，对作者团队开发的非结构网格二阶精度有限体积CFD软件（HyperFLOW）进行了混合并行改造，在计算节点间采用MPI消息传递机制，在节点内采用OpenMP共享内存的MPI+OpenMP混合并行策略。首先分别实现了两种粒度（粗粒度和细粒度）的混合并行，并基于国产in-house集群采用CRM标模（约4 000万网格单元）定常湍流算例对两种混合并行模式进行了测试和比较。结果表明，粗粒度在进程数和分区数较少的小规模并行时具有效率优势，16线程时效率较高；而细粒度混合并行在大规模并行计算时具有优势，8线程时效率较高。其次，验证了混合并行在非定常计算情况下的可扩展性，采用机翼外挂物投放标模算例，分别生成3.6亿和28.8亿非结构重叠网格，采用对等的（P2P）网格读入模式和优化的重叠网格隐式装配策略，网格读入和重叠网格装配耗时仅需数十秒；采用3.6亿网格，完成了非定常状态效率测试及非定常分离过程的湍流流场计算，在in-house集群上12 288核并行效率达到90%（以768核为基准），在天河2号上12 288核并行效率达到70%（以384核为基准），数值模拟结果与试验结果符合良好。最后，在in-house集群上采用28.8亿非结构重叠网格进行了4.9万核的并行效率测试，结果显示，4.9万核并行效率达到55.3%（以4 096核为基准）。     

碱金属引射下的高超声速尾流的数值模拟

高超声速化学非平衡尾流的分析与计算是空气动力学中的一个重要课题。本文采用二阶精度的中心差隐格式，求解了抛物化的Ｎ－Ｓ方程，得到了高空２０ＫＭ及６０ＫＭ非平衡尾流的数值解，研究了碱金属引射对尾流电子密度的影响。计算结果表明引射碱金属对尾流电子密度影响明显，尾流电子密度因此增加了１～３个量级。文中化学反应模型采用十组元模型，组元包括Ｏ２、Ｎ２、Ｏ、Ｎ、ＮＯ、ＮＯ＋、Ｏ－２、Ｎａ、Ｎ＋ａ以及ｅ－。     

用最大值原理求某无人机的最优上升轨迹

为改进某无人机飞行性能，应用最大值原理求解无人机在垂直平面内的最优上升轨迹，推导了无人机最经济爬升所满足的极值方程；并用此方程和最快爬升极值方程这两类目标函数求解了某无人机的最优上升轨迹，计算结果表明，经优化后的爬升轨迹可以节省燃油，延长无人机的续航时间或快速爬升到预定的终点高度具有较好的性能收益。