Adaptive flow control of low-Reynolds number aerodynamics using dielectric barrier discharge actuator

Aerodynamic performance of low-Reynolds number flyers, for a chord-based Reynolds number of 10⁵ or below, is sensitive to wind gusts and flow separation. Active flow control offers insight into fluid physics as well as possible improvements in vehicle performance. While facilitating flow control by introducing feedback control and fluidic devices, major challenges of achieving a target aerodynamic performance under unsteady flow conditions lie on the high-dimensional nonlinear dynamics of the flow system. Therefore, a successful flow control framework requires a viable as well as accessible control scheme and understanding of underlying flow dynamics as key information of the flow system. On the other hand, promising devices have been developed recently to facilitate flow control in this flow regime. The dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) actuator is such an example; it does not have moving parts and provides fast impact on the flow field locally. In this paper, recent feedback flow control studies, especially those focusing on unsteady low-Reynolds number aerodynamics, are reviewed. As an example of an effective flow control framework, it is demonstrated that aerodynamic lift of a high angle-of-attack wing under fluctuating free-stream conditions can be stabilized using the DBD actuator and an adaptive algorithm based on general input–output models. System nonlinearities and control challenges are discussed by assessing control performance and the variation of the system parameters under various flow and actuation conditions. Other fundamental issues from the flow dynamics view point, such as the lift stabilization mechanism and the influence on drag fluctuation are also explored. Both potentiality and limitation of the linear modeling approach are discussed. In addition, guidelines on system identification and the controller and actuator setups are suggested.     

Experimental study of flow field distribution over a generic cranked double delta wing

The flow fields over a generic cranked double delta wing were investigated. Pressure and velocity distributions were obtained using a Pitot tube and a hot wire anemometer. Two different leading edge shapes, namely ‘‘sharp" and ‘‘round", were applied to the wing. The wing had two sweep angles of 55° and 30°. The experiments were conducted in a closed circuit wind tunnel at velocity 20 m/s and angles of attack of 5°–20° with the step of 5°. The Reynolds number of the model was about 2 ×10~5 according to the root chord. A dual vortex structure was formed above the wing surface. A pressure drop occurred at the vortex core and the root mean square of the measured velocity increased at the core of the vortices, reflecting the instability of the flow in that region. The magnitude of power spectral density increased strongly in spanwise direction and had the maximum value at the vortex core. By increasing the angle of attack, the pressure drop increased and the vortices became wider; the vortices moved inboard along the wing, and away from the surface; the flow separation was initiated from the outer portion of the wing and developed to its inner part. The vortices of the wing of the sharp leading edge were stronger than those of the round one.     

Effect of bent inlet pipe on the flow instability behavior of centrifugal compressors

Bent inlet pipes are often used in centrifugal compressors due to limited installation space, and an understanding of the effect on compressor stability is essential for safety and durability. This paper firstly investigates flow instability behaviors in two compressors, one with a straight inlet pipe and the other with an S-shaped bent pipe. In detail, it analyzes the resulting flow fields, instability evolution paths and surge boundaries. The results show that the S-shaped pipe obviously affects the flow field at high mass flow rates, while reverse flow mainly influences the flow field at low mass flow rates. Reverse flow first occurs at certain flow passages with a high pressure difference that is predominantly decided by the volute rather than the S-shaped bent pipe. In addition, centrifugal compressors can tolerate reverse flow to some extent so that surge would not occur immediately if reverse flow occurs unless the reverse flow region extends circumferentially and radially to a sufficiently large size. Since the S-shaped pipe is not dominant in the creation and extension of reverse flow, it does not exacerbate the stability of the central compressor to a great extent. Last but not least, the S-shaped pipe is noted to delay the occurrence of surge at 90% rotating speed, which suggests the possibility of improving compressor stability with bent inlet pipes. This result differs from the conventional understanding that inlet distortion usually deteriorates compressor stability and emphasizes the particularity of centrifugal compressors.     

A model of flow separation controlled by dielectric barrier discharge

Flow separation,as an aerodynamic phenomenon,occurs in specific conditions.The conditions are studied in a wind tunnel on different airfoils.The phenomenon can be delayed or suppressed by exerting an external momentum to the flow.Dielectric barrier discharge actuators arranged in a row of 8 and perpendicular to the flow direction can delay flow separation by exerting the momentum.In this study,a mathematical model is developed to predict a parameter,which is utilized to represent flow separation on an NACA0012 airfoil.The model is based on the neurofuzzy method applied to experimental datasets.The neuro model is trained in different flow conditions and the parameter is measured by pressure sensors.     

基于eN-数据库方法复杂构型飞机转捩预测

为探索边界层转捩对大型运输机在起降条件和有较大层流区的巡航条件下的气动力精确计算问题，通过在三维RANS求解器中引入eN-数据库方法来预测飞行器表面的转捩位置，并探索转捩对气动力的影响规律。方法与目前流行的基于间歇因子控制方程的转捩预测方法相比，具有计算效率高、易于工程应用、且考虑TS不稳定性转捩因素的特点。在此基础上，通过计算NASA梯形翼来分析起降构型条件下气动力受转捩影响的规律，并通过计算DLR－F6翼身组合体来探索三维构型在巡航条件下的气动力精度。使用eN-数据库转捩判断方法的计算结果与实验值吻合较好，验证了所构建的基于RANS求解器的eN-数据库转捩预测方法的有效性，并为大型运输机气动力精确计算提供了分析工具。     

Nb基合金中氧原子扩散及团簇化的第一性原理

利用第一性原理计算,研究了氧原子在Nb中的扩散现象以及施加应变的影响,并对氧原子在Nb-Ti、Nb-Zr合金中的团簇化进行了计算分析。发现在单向应变下,在平行于应变方向上,氧原子的扩散势垒随着应变的增大不断减小,当应变为10%时,扩散激活能从初始的0.92eV降低至0.5eV左右;在垂直于应变方向上,氧原子更容易扩散至被拉长的八面体间隙中,即单向应变下氧原子会在Nb中沿应变方向聚集排列,这会在实际材料中导致应力的集中。计算研究了氧原子在Nb合金中的团簇化问题,发现在纯Nb中,氧原子倾向于均匀分布而不是形成氧原子对;添加合金元素Ti和Zr后,随着氧原子浓度的升高,氧原子对将在合金元素周围形成,Zr周围氧原子对的形成可使体系的能量降低0.29eV。     

采用长细管法进行脉动压力转捩探测的实验研究

为了简便地使用测量模型表面脉动压力特征的方法探测边界层转捩位置,需要研究脉动压力传感器接在传统测压模型外的适用性,即通过长细管将模型表面的脉动压力信号传递到脉动压力传感器上的方式是否可得到转捩的特征信号。首先采用信号发生器驱动扬声器,在无风条件下,测量了长细管对不同频率声压信号的传递损失情况。证明了所采用的长细管系统具有合适的工作频带。然后在西北工业大学NF-3低速风洞二元实验段、实验风速为30m/s的条件下,对弦长为800mm、展长为1.6m的翼型模型沿弦向进行了脉动压力信号测量,并通过改进的数据处理技术判断了模型表面的转捩位置。研究结果表明,采用长细管系统进行脉动压力方法转捩探测具有一定应用价值,值得进一步深入研究。     

高超声速飞行器DPIV内流阻力测量技术研究

为了研究吸气式高超声速飞行器的气动特性,提出一种新的内流阻力测量技术,即采用粒子图像测速技术和总压测量技术相结合,测量超燃发动机尾喷管流场速度矢量和皮托压力分布,间接获得内流出口处平均马赫数和内流出口处静压平均值,从而实现高超声速通气模型内流阻力测量。研究结果表明:粒子图像测速技术和总压测量技术相结合,成功地实现了内流阻力测量;试验获得的粒子图像,能够清楚地显示喷管出口位置内外流的分界面及边界层和边界层的尾迹;粒子图像测速试验获得的速度矢量场结果准确,精度高,能够提供远远超出传统测量技术所能提供的流场信息。      

低雷诺数下进气道异常起动现象及其影响因素探析

结合激波风洞实验和数值模拟分析,对一种二元混压式进气道在实验中低单位雷诺数下反而呈现出自起动特征的异常现象进行了研究。根据激波风洞的反复实验观察,表明随着来流单位雷诺数的降低,在继进气道进入不起动状态之后又会重新出现自起动特征的异常起动现象。该结果与层流模型计算得到的流场结构相符,而与湍流模拟结果差异显著;分析表明,层流情况下,由于分离区向前体压缩面大范围地延伸,缓解了进气道入口的逆压梯度,从而在喉道处可以形成主体为超声速的通畅流道,而湍流情况下,进气道入口处激波/边界层干扰形成过分集中的分离泡则呈现明显的壅塞状态;尽管层流情况下进气道流场结构呈现出较为通畅的类似起动的特征,但其流量系数仍明显低于湍流的情况。因此,实验上所观察到的这种异常起动现象严格地说并不属于真正意义上的起动状态。     

Interaction of single-pulse laser energy with bow shock in hypersonic flow

Pressure sensing and schlieren imaging with high resolution and sensitivity are applied to the study of the interaction of single-pulse laser energy with bow shock at Mach 5. An Nd:YAG laser operated at 1.06 lm, 100 mJ pulse energy is used to break down the hypersonic flow in a shock tunnel. Three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations are solved with an upwind scheme to simulate the interaction. The pressure at the stagnation point on the blunt body is measured and calculated to examine the pressure variation during the interaction. Schlieren imaging is used in conjunction with the calculated density gradients to examine the process of the interaction. The results show that the experimental pressure at the stagnation point on the blunt body and schlieren imaging fit well with the simulation. The pressure at the stagnation point on the blunt body will increase when the transmission shock approaches the blunt body and decrease with the formation of the rarefied wave. Bow shock is deformed during the interaction. Quasi-stationary waves are formed by high rate laser energy deposition to control the bow shock. The pressure and temperature at the stagnation point on the blunt body and the wave drag are reduced to 50%, 75% and 81% respectively according to the simulation. Schlieren imaging has provided important information for the investigation of the mechanism of the interaction.