太阳活动与全球气候变化

太阳不断向地球辐射电磁波和粒子, 太阳辐射是地球气候系统最主要的能量来源. 地球气候系统对太阳活动的响应是一个复杂的过程, 包括辐射过程、动力学过程以及微观物理过程等. 根据太阳辐射的卫星观测结果和重建结果, 例举了古气候、温度、大气环流和云量等方面太阳影响气候的观测证据, 论述了太阳影响气候的三种可能机制, 即太阳总辐射变化可以影响地表温度, 并通过海-气耦合改变大气环流; 太阳紫外辐射通过调制平流层的温度和风场影响下面的对流层; 太阳通过行星际磁场调制银河宇宙线, 而银河宇宙线通过电离大气影响云量, 进而改变地球的能量收支.      

航天器嵌入式操作系统研究与设计

随着航天器结构和功能的复杂化,对作为系统资源管理者的操作系统的功能和可靠性等要求也日益增强.分析嵌入式实时操作系统在国内外航天领域的研究与应用现状,提出面向航天器应用特点的具有多任务管理、内存管理、文件系统、容错和故障管理等功能的高可靠、高性能的嵌入式实时操作系统的研究与设计方案,并展望其在未来网络化及分布式安全航天器中的发展前景.     

基于四路信号处理的载波锁相环

载波跟踪环是独立导航接收机中最为脆弱的部分,在一定载噪比下,影响载波跟踪环跟踪门限的主要因素是动态应力。科斯塔斯锁相环是最常用的载波跟踪环之一,由于频率牵引范围的限制,其对动态应力非常敏感,该频率牵引范围由最大相位牵引范围决定。传统科斯塔斯锁相环是基于两路信号处理进行载波相位锁定的,其相位牵入范围仅为［-π/2,π/2］。文章提出了一种基于四路信号处理的科斯塔斯锁相环,增加的两路信号分别与原来两路相位相差π/4,其相位牵入范围可以达到［-3π/4,3π/4］,较传统方式提高了1/2。仿真结果显示文中提出的设计方法能够明显提高环路的动态性能     

月球精确软着陆最优标称轨迹在轨制导方法

为实现在月球表面期望的着陆点进行精确软着陆（PPL）,且满足燃耗最优性要求,基于提出的LIDAR目标点在轨自主选定的月球精确软着陆方案,对月球PPL最优标称轨迹在轨快速规划制导方法进行研究。首先针对月球PPL三维球体非线性轨道动力学模型,采用Legendre Gauss Lobatto伪光谱方法将轨迹优化的最优控制问题转化为非线性规划问题（NLP）,再利用SQP优化算法求解月球PPL最优标称轨迹,最后通过遗传算法对优化结果进行验证,并提出应用遗传算法提供SQP在轨规划初值数据库的方案。仿真结果表明了最优标称轨迹在轨规划方法的快速性和有效性。     

多阶段任务系统通用可靠性仿真模型

归纳了当前多阶段任务系统(PMS,Phased Mission Systems)可靠性建模的基本假设,指出了解析模型描述和求解能力的不足以及仿真模型存在的难以转换的缺点.应用着色Petri网(CPN,Colored Petri Net) Tools建立PMS的多层通用仿真模型:顶层控制模型将PMS各阶段的故障树参数化,作为CPN通用仿真模型的输入;单阶段处理模型根据顶层控制模型的输入判别该阶段顶事件是否发生;底事件处理模型通过比较随机数和故障发生概率的大小产生故障.通用仿真模型可以保持模型结构的稳定,同时又简化了仿真模型的生成.案例对比了CPN仿真模型与二元决策图(BDD,Binary Decision Diagrams)算法的可靠性计算结果,证明了模型的正确性;具有动态变化参数的PMS仿真则说明了模型的适用性.      

飞机过度/不足转向地面转弯操纵特性分析

为分析飞机着陆滑跑过程中的过度/不足转向特性,提高前轮转弯系统的操纵性能,提出了一种具有时变参数的飞机转弯系统的低阶等价模型,并结合系统稳定性的分析与飞行数据,可知在飞机着陆滑跑过程中的某个速度范围内,由于系统偏航角速度命令带宽衰减至零值附近,飞机的过度/不足转向特性曲线十分接近临界稳定速度边界,引起操纵特性严重恶化,由此提出了一种采用偏航角速度的局部负反馈来调节系统带宽的自校正增稳设计.分析与仿真结果说明:该模型能够解决使用高阶模型对飞机该项性能分析复杂的问题,可以作为高阶复杂模型分析的一种补充,且提出的增稳方法能使系统偏航角速度命令带宽保持在期望范围内,改善脚蹬操纵的敏感性,提高系统的操纵性能.      

Low-dose carbon ion irradiation effects on DNA damage and oxidative stress in the mouse testis

To investigate the effects of low-dose carbon ion irradiation on reproductive system of mice, the testes of outbred Kunming strain mice were whole-body irradiated with 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 Gy, respectively. We measured DNA double-strand breaks (DNA DSBs) and oxidative stress parameters including malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and testis weight and sperm count at 12 h, 21 d and 35 d after irradiation in mouse testis. At 12 h postirradiation, a significant increase in DNA DSB level but no pronounced alterations in MDA content or SOD activity were observed in 0.5 and 1 Gy groups compared with the control group. At 21 d postirradiation, there was a significant reduction in sperm count and distinct enhancements of DSB level and MDA content in 0.5 and 1 Gy groups in comparison with control. At 35 d postirradiation, the levels of DNA DSBs and MDA, and SOD activity returned to the baseline except for the MDA content in 1 Gy (P < 0.05), while extreme falls of sperm count were still observed in 0.5 (P < 0.01) and 1 Gy (P < 0.01) groups. For the 0.05 or 0.1 Gy group, no differences were found in DNA DSB level and MDA content between control and at 12 h, 21 d and 35 d after irradiation, indicating that lower doses of carbon ion irradiation have no significant influence on spermatogenesis processes. In this study, male germ cells irradiated with over 0.5 Gy of carbon ions are difficult to repair completely marked by the sperm count. Furthermore, these data suggest that the deleterious effects may be chronic or delayed in reproductive system after whole-body exposure to acute high-dose carbon ions.     

Geostationary orbit determination using SATRE

A new strategy of precise orbit determination (POD) for GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit) satellite using SATRE (SAtellite Time and Ranging Equipment) is presented. Two observation modes are proposed and different channels of the same instruments are used to construct different observation modes, one mode receiving time signals from their own station and the other mode receiving time signals from each other for two stations called pairs of combined observations. Using data from such a tracking network in China, the results for both modes are compared. The precise orbit determination for the Sino-1 satellite using the data from 6 June 2005 to 13 June 2005 has been carried out in this work. The RMS (Root-Mean-Square) of observing residuals for 3-day solutions with the former mode is better than 9.1 cm. The RMS of observing residuals for 3-day solutions with the latter mode is better than 4.8 cm, much better than the former mode. Orbital overlapping (3-day orbit solution with 1-day orbit overlap) tests show that the RMS of the orbit difference for the former mode is 0.16 m in the radial direction, 0.53 m in the along-track direction, 0.97 m in the cross-track direction and 1.12 m in the 3-dimension position and the RMS of the orbit difference for the latter mode is 0.36 m in the radial direction, 0.89 m in the along-track direction, 1.18 m in the cross-track direction and 1.52 m in the 3-dimension position, almost the same as the former mode. All the experiments indicate that a meter-level accuracy of orbit determination for geostationary satellite is achievable.     

The photometric study of light scattering from the surface of alumina powder and interpretations by Hapke formula

A laboratory experiment helps to understand the light scattering property of regolith like samples with known compositions and other physical parameters. The laboratory data so obtained can be compared with the existing in situ data on celestial objects like asteroids. Further, it may be analyzed with the help of various theoretical models to understand the light scattering processes from regolith more clearly. In this work we have performed laboratory based photometry of the light scattered from the surfaces of powdered alumina (Al₂O₃) at various tilt angles of the sample and at large phase angles, with the particles having diameter 0.3 μm. The wavelength of observation was 632.8 nm. These data have been fitted by a surface scattering model originally suggested by Hapke. Instead of using empirical Henyey–Greenstein phase function to fix the values of albedo and phase function to be used within Hapke formula, we have used Mie theory for the same. This approach helped us to determine the single particle properties such as particle diameter and complex refractive index from surface scattering phase curve alone. Mie theory depends only on the size parameter X(=2π(radius/wavelength)) and complex refractive index (n, k) of the material. Since the absorption coefficient (k) for alumina is known to be very low but not exactly zero, the best fit to the experimental data was obtained by least square technique with k as a free parameter, as the other parameters are known. Finally, we compare our results with other published results and discuss the scope of application of the method we adopted.     

粘弹性材料非局域声阻抗模型及参数优化

针对敷设粘弹性材料的刚体声散射问题提出了一种利用等效非局域阻抗基本代数模型计算表面声阻抗矩阵的方法.并以敷设粘弹性材料的球体为例,采用全局收敛移动近似算法(GCMMA, Globally Convergent Method of Moving Asymptotes)对非局域声阻抗代数模型的参数进行了优化,使其声散射计算结果与使用有限元得到的结果一致.研究表明:等效非局域阻抗基本代数模型可以应用于表面敷设粘弹性材料球体声散射的数值计算,为研究潜艇等复杂水下目标的声散射提供了有效的途径.